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arY435 '^""°" "'"''"•«"y Library
^IW«ffiL,S!L)iy^»SI,,±.,Meme,e De no
oiin,an^ ^^24 032 172 029
THE TREATISE OF
WALTER DE MILEMETE
DE NOBILITATIBUS, SAPIENTIIS, ET PRUDENTIIS REGUM
OXFORD
PLATES AND LETTERPRESS
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY HORACE HART M.A.
THE TREATISE OF
WALTER DE MILEMETE
DE NOBILITATIBUS, SAPIENTIIS, ET
PRUDENTIIS REGUM
REPRODUCED IN FACSIMILE FROM THE UNIQUE MANUSCRIPT PRESERVED AT
CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD
TOGETHER WITH A SELECTION OF PAGES FROM THE COMPANION
MANUSCRIPT OF THE TREATISE
DE SECRETIS SECRETORUM ARISTOTELIS
PRESERVED IN THE LIBRARY OF THE EARL OF LEICESTER AT
HOLKHAM HALL
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES, Litt.D., F.B.A., F.S.A.
PROVOST OF king's COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
PRINTED FOR
THE ROXBURGHE CLUB
MCMXIII.
THE EAKL OF ROSEBERT, K.G., K.T.,
PUKSIDENT.
DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE.
DUKE OV PORTLAND, K.G., G.C.V.O.
DUKE OF NORTHUMBEKLAND, K.G.
DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH, K.G., K.T.
DUKE OF ROXBURGHE, K.T., M.V.O.
MARQUESS OF SALISBURY, G.C.V.O.
MARQUESS OF BATH.
MARQUESS OF CREWE, K.G.
EARL OF ILCHESTBE.
EARL OF POWIS,
EARL BEAUCHAMP, K.C.M.G.
EARL BROWNLOW.
EARL OF ELLESMERE.
EARL OF PLYMOUTH.
VISCOUNT COKE.
LORD ALEXANDER THYNNE, M.P.
LORD CH. FREDERICK BRUDBNELL-BRUCE.
LORD ZOUCHB.
LORD ALDENHAM, Vice-President.
RIGHT HON. ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR, M.P.
RIGHT HON. SIR WILLIAM ANSON, BART., M.P.
SIR JOHN STIRLING MAXWELL, BART.
SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, G.C.B.
SIR FREDERIC KENYON, K.C.B.
LT.-COL. SIR GEO.LINDSAY HOLFORD, K.C.V.O., CLE.
SIR GEORGE FREDERIC WARNER.
INGRAM BYWATER, ESQ.
SYDNEY RICHARDSON CHRISTIE-MILLER, ESQ.
GEORGE BRISCOE EYRE, ESQ.
CHARLES HARRY ST. JOHN HORNBY, ESQ.
MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES, 'ES(i. {Provoat of Mng's College,
JOHN MURRAY, ESQ., Treasurer. Cambridge).
CHARLES W. DYSON PERRINS, ESQ.
HENRY YATES THOMPSON, ESQ.
MICHAEL TOMKINSON, ESQ.
VICTOR WILLIAM BATES VAN DE WBYER, ESQ.
WILLIAM ALDIS WRIGHT, ESQ.
1812.
1812.
1812.
1812.
1812.
1812.
3^0jrtJur5f)e Club.
1812. PRESIDENT.
1. GEORGE JOHN, EARL SPENCER. 3,41.
1812.
7.
1812.
8.
1812.
9.
1812.
10.
18K.
11.
1812.
12.
1812.
13.
1812.
14.
1812,
15.
1812.
16.
2. WILLIAM SPENCER, DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. 24.
3. GEORGE SPENCER CHURCHILL, MARQUIS OP BLANDFORD.
1817. DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH. 34.
4. GEORGE GRANVILLE LEVESON GOWER, EARL GOWER. 19.
1833. MARQUIS OP STAFFORD.
1833. DUKE OF SUTHERLAND.
5. GEORGE HOWARD, VISCOUNT MORPETH. 33.
1825. EARL OF CARLISLE.
6. JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, VISCOUNT ALTHORP, 8.
1834. EARL SPENCER.
SIR MARK MASTERMAN SYKES, BART, 16, 38.
SIR SAMUEL EGERTON BRYDGES, BART. 9, 35.
WILLIAM BENTHAM, ESQ. 22.
WILLIAM BOLLAND, ESQ. 1.
1829. SIR WILLIAM BOLLAND, KNT.
JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ. 4, 12.
REV. WILLIAM HOLWELL CARR. 10.
JOHN DENT, ESQ. 23.
REV. THOMAS FROGNALL DIBDIN. 18.
REV. HENRY DRURY. 13, 37.
FRANCIS FREELING, ESQ. 5.
1828. SIR FRANCIS FREELING, BART.
17. GEORGE HENRY FREELING, ESQ, 6, 7, 38.
1836. SIR GEORGE HENRY FREELING, BART.
The figures after each name refer to the Catalogue of Books presented by the several Members of the CInb
1812.
18.
1812.
19.
1812.
20.
1812.
21.
1812.
22.
1812.
23.
1812.
24.
1812.
25.
1812.
26.
1812.
27.
1812.
28.
1812.
29.
1812.
30.
1812.
31.
JOSEPH HASLEWOOD, ESQ. 28.
RICHARD HEBER, ESQ. 2.
REV. THOMAS CUTHBERT HEBER.
OEORGE ISTED, ESQ. 29.
ROBERT LANG, ESQ. 14.
JOSEPH LITTLED ALE, ESQ. 31.
1824. SIR JOSEPH LITTLEDALE, KNT. 60.
JAMES HEYWOOD MARKLAND, ESQ. SI.
JOHN DELAFIELD PHELPS, ESQ. 15.
THOMAS PONTON, ESQ. 25.
PEREGRINE TOWNELEY, ESQ. 32.
EDWARD VERNON UTTERSON, ESQ. 27, 51.
ROGER WILBRAHAM, ESQ. 17.
REV. JAMES WILLIAM DODD. 11.
EDWARD LITTLEDALE, ESQ. 20.
1816.
32.
1819.
33.
1822.
34.
1822.
35.
1822.
36.
1823.
37,
1827.
38.
1828.
39.
1830.
40.
1831.
41.
1834.
42.
1834.
43.
1834.
44.
GEORGE HIBBERT, ESQ. 26.
SIR ALEXANDER BOSWELL, BART.
GEORGE WATSON TAYLOR, ESQ. 44.
JOHN ARTHUR LLOYD, ESQ. 39.
VENERABLE ARCHDEACON WRANGHAM. 40.
THE AUTHOR OF WAVERLEY.
1827. SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART. 45.
HON. AND REV. GEORGE NEVILLE GRENVILLE. 47.
1846. DEAN OP WINDSOR.
EDWARD HERBERT, VISCOUNT CLIVE. 50.
1839. EARL OF POWIS.
JOHN FREDERICK, EARL OF CAWDOR. 48.
REV. EDWARD CRAVEN HAWTREY, D.D. 49.
18.')3. PROVOST OF ETON.
SIR STEPHEN RICHARD GLYNNE, BART. 54.
BENJAMIN BARNARD, ESQ. 56.
VENERABLE ARCHDEACON BUTLER, D.D.
1836. SAMUEL, LORD BISHOP OF LICHFIELD. 58.
1835. PRESIDENT.
EDWARD HERBERT, VISCOUNT CLIVE. 50.
1839. EARL OP POWIS.
1835. 45. WALTER FRANCIS, DUKE OP BUCCLEUCH AND QUEENSBERRY. 71, 90.
1836. 46. BIGHT HONOURABLE LORD FRANCIS EGERTON.
1846. EARL OF ELLESMERE.
1836. 47. ARCHIBALD ACHESON, VISCOUNT ACHESON.
1849. EARL OF GOSFORD.
BERIAH BOTFIELD, ESQ. 57.
HENRY HALLAM, ESQ.
PHILIP HENRY STANHOPE, VISCOUNT MAUON.
1855. EARL STANHOPE.
1838. 51. GEORGE JOHN, LORD VERNON.
1836.
48.
1836.
49.
1837.
50.
1838.
52.
1839.
S3.
1839.
54.
1839.
55.
1839.
56.
1840.
57.
REV. PHILIP BLISS, D.C.L. 63.
RiaHT HONOURABLE SIR JAMES PARKE, KNT.
1856. LORD WENSLEYDALE.
REV. BOLKELEY BANDINEL, D.D. 63.
WILLIAM HENRY MILLER, ESQ.
EVELYN PHILIP SHIRLEY, ESQ. 66.
EDWARD JAMES HERBERT, VISCOUNT CLIVE.
1848. EARL OP POWIS. 73, 115.
1841. 58. DAVID DUNDAS, ESQ.
1847. SIR DAVID DUNDAS, KNT.
JOHN EARL BROWNLOW.
HONOURABLE HUGH CHOLMONDELEY,
1855. LORD DELAMERE. 77.
SIR ROBERT HARRY INGLIS, BART.
ALEXANDER JAMES BERESFORD HOPE, ESQ.
REV. HENRY WELLESLEY.
1847. PRINCIPAL OP NEW INN HALL, OXFORD.
1845. 64. ANDREW RUTHERFURD, ESQ.
1831. LORD RUTHERFURD.
HON. ROBERT CURZON, JUN. 87.
GEORGE TOMLINE, ESQ. 68.
WILLIAM STIRLING, ESQ.
1866. SIR WILLIAM STIRLING MAXWELL, BART.
1847. 68. FRANCIS HENRY DICKINSON, ESQ.
1842.
59.
1842.
60.
1844.
61.
1844.
62.
1844.
63.
1846.
65,
1846.
66.
1846.
67.
1848. PRESIDENT.
WALTER FRANCIS, DUKE OP BUCCLEUCH AND QUEENSBERRY, K.G. 71, 90.
1848.
69,
1848.
70.
1849.
71.
1849.
72.
1849.
73.
1851.
74.
75.
76.
1853.
77.
1854.
78.
79.
1855.
80.
81.
82.
1856.
83.
84.
1857.
85.
86.
87.
NATHANIEL BLAND, ESQ.
REV. WILLIAM EDWARD BUCKLEY. 83.
REV. JOHN STUART HIPPISLEY HORNER.
HIS EXCELLENCY MONSIEUR VAN DE WEYER.
MELVILLE PORTAL, ESQ.
ROBERT STAYNER HOLFORD, ESQ. 78.
PAUL BUTLER, ESQ. 99.
EDWARD HULSE, ESQ.
1855. SIR EDWARD HULSE, BART.
CHARLES TOWNELEY, ESQ.
WILLIAM ALEX. ANTH. ARCH., DUKE OF HAMILTON AND BRANDON.
HENRY HOWARD MOLYNEUX, EARL OP CARNARVON.
SIR JOHN BENN WALSH, BART.
1868. LORD ORMATHWAITE.
ADRIAN JOHN HOPE, ESQ.
RALPH NEVILLE GRENVILLE, ESQ.
SIR JOHN SIMEON, BART.
SIR JAMES SHAW WILLES, KNT.
GEORGE GRANVILLE FRANCIS, EARL OP ELLESMERE.
WILLIAM SCHOMBERG ROBERT, MARQUIS OF LOTHIAN. 97.
FREDERICK TEMPLE, LORD DUFFERIN.
1872. EARL OF DUFFERIN.
1858.
88.
89.
1861.
90.
1863.
91.
92.
1B64.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
1866.
101.
102.
1867.
103.
104.
1868.
105.
1870.
106.
107.
1871.
108.
1872.
109.
1875.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
1876.
115.
1877.
116.
1879.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
1880.
123.
1883.
124.
125.
126.
SIMON WATSON TAYLOR, ESQ. SO.
THOMAS GAISFORD, ESQ.
JOHN FREDERICK VAUGHAN, EARL CAWDOR.
GRANVILLE LEVESON GOWER, ESQ.
HENRY HUCKS GIBBS, ESQ. 85.
1896. LORD ALDENHAM. 139.
RICHARD MONCKTON, LORD HOUGHTON.
CHRISTOPHER SYKES, ESQ.
RET. HENRY OCTAVIUS COXE.
REV. WILLIAM GEORGE CLARK.
REV. CHARLES HENRY HARTSHORNE.
JOHN COLE NICHOLL, ESQ.
GEORGE BRISCOE EYRE, ESQ.
JOHN BENJAMIN HEATH, BARON HEATH. lOl.
HENRY HUTH, ESQ.
HENRY BRADSHAW, ESQ.
FREDERICK, EARL BEAUCHAMP. 93.
KIRKMAN DANIEL HODGSON, ESQ.
CHARLES WYNNE PINCH, ESQ.
HENRY SALUSBUBY MILMAN, ESQ.
EDWARD JAMES STANLEY, ESQ.
REV. EDWARD TINDAL TURNER.
SCHOMBERQ HENRY, MARQUIS OP LOTHIAN. 97, 100.
JOHN ALEXANDER, MARQUIS OP BATH. 108.
JOHN DUKE, LORD COLERIDGE.
VICTOR WILLIAM BATES VAN DE WEYER, ESQ. 128.
HENRY ARTHUR BRIGHT, ESQ. 104.
ALBAN GEORGE HENRY GIBBS, ESQ. 112.
1907. LORD ALDENHAM. 151.
REV. WILLIAM HEPWORTH THOMPSON, D.D.
JOHN LUDOVIC LINDSAY, LORD LINDSAY.
1880. EARL OP CRAWFORD.
ROBERT NATHANIEL CECIL GEORGE, LORD ZOUCHE.
ROBERT AMADEUS HEATH, BARON HEATH.
ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR, ESQ. 157.
JOHN MALCOLM, ESQ. 114.
WILLIAM ALDIS WRIGHT, ESQ. 152.
SIR WILLIAM REYNELL ANSON, BART.
1881. WARDEN OP ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXFORD. 135.
FREDERIC OUVRY, ESQ. 107.
JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR LOVEDAY, ESQ. 121.
ALFRED HENRY HUTH, ESQ. 118.
CHARLES BUTLER, ESQ. 116, 126.
1884. PRESIDENT.
EDWARD JAMES, EARL OF POWIS. 73 115.
1884. 127. HIS EXCELLENCY HON. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.
128. ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT, MARQUESS OF SALISBURY. K.G.
129. ARCHIBALD PHILIP, EARL OF ROSEBERY. 129.
130. RIGHT HON. SIR STAFFORD HENRY NORTHCOTE, BART., G.C.B.
1885. EARL OF IDDESLEIGH. 117.
131. SAMUEL CHRISTIE-MILLER, ESQ. 136.
1886. 132. 8.A. R. LE DUC D'AUMALE. 125.
133. WILL. HEN. WALT., DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH AND QUEENSBERRY, K.T; 143.
134. EDWARD HUGESSEN, LORD BRABOURNE.
1887. 136. ROBERT OFFLEY ASHBURTON, LORD HOUGHTON.
1895. EARL OP CREWE.
1912. MARQUESS OF CREWE.
136. FRANCIS THOMAS DE GREY, EARL COWPER, K.G. 131.
137. WILLIAM AMHURST TYSSEN-AMHERST, ESQ.
1892. LORD AMHERST OF HACKNEY. 148.
1889. 138. EDWARD HENRY, EARL OP DERBY, K.G.
139. RICHARD COPLEY CHRISTIE, ESQ. 130.
140. CHARLES ISAAC ELTON, ESQ., Q.C.
141. JOHN EVANS, ESQ.
1892. SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., F.S.A. 132.
1891. PRESIDENT.
ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT, MARQUESS OF SALISBURY, K.G.
1891. 142. LORD CHARLES WILLIAM BRUDENELL-BRUCE.
143. INGRAM BYWATER, ESQ.
144. ANDREW LANG, ESQ. 140.
1892. 145. DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE, K.G.
146. RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF PETERBOROUGH.
1896. LORD BISHOP OF LONDON.
147. EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, ESQ.
1895. SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMPSON, K.C.B.
THE MARQUESS OF BUTE, K.T.
RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF SALISBURY.
THE EARL OF POWIS.
JOHN WINGFIELD MALCOLM, ESQ.
1896. LORD MALCOLM OP POLTALLOCH. 114.
SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON FRANKS, K.CB.
JOHN MURRAY, ESQ. 149.
WAKEFIELD CHRISTIE-MILLER, ESQ.
COLONEL J. SCOTT, C.B.
THE EARL OP PEMBROKE AND MONTGOMERY. 154.
CHARLES BRINSLEY MARLAY, ESQ. 142.
THE MARQUESS OF BATH. 141.
EARL BEAUCHAMP. 161.
HENRY YATES THOMPSON, ESQ. 137.
COLONEL THOMAS BROOKE.
1899. SIR THOMAS BROOKE, BAKT. 138
EARL OF ELLESMERE. 159.
LORD WINDSOR.
1905. EARL OF PLYMOUTH.
DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, K.G.
EARL OF CARYSFORT, K.P. 150.
EARL CAWDOR.
RIGHT HON. MOUNTSTUART E. GRANT DUFF, G.C.S.I, 147.
EARL BROWNLOW.
1893.
148.
149.
ISO,
151.
1894.
152.
153.
189C.
154.
155.
1997.
156.
157.
158.
1898.
159.
160.
161.
1900.
162.
163.
1901.
164.
165.
166.
1902.
167.
1903.
168.
1903. PRESIDENT.
HENRY HUCKS GIBBS, LORD ALDENHAM. 86, 130, 151.
1903. 169. DUKE OP SUTHERLAND, K.G.
1906. 170. DUKE OP EOXBURGHE, K.T., M.V.O.
171. DUKE OP POBTLAND, K.G., G.C.V.O. 153.
1908. PRESIDENT.
ARCHIBALD PHILIP PRIMROSE, EARL OP ROSEBERY, K.G., K.T. 129.
1908. 172. LORD CHARLES PREDERICK BRUDENBLL-BRtJCE.
173, CHARLES W. DYSON PERRINS, ESQ. 158.
174. SYDNEY RICHARDSON CHRISTIE-MILLER, ESQ. 160.
176. DUKE OP DEVONSHIRE. 156.
1909. 176. HIS EXCELLENCY HON. WHITELAW REID.
177. THE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY.
178. THE EARL OP ILCHESTER.
179. CAPTAIN GEORGE LINDSAY HOLPORD, C.V.O., CLE.
1911. LT.-COL. SIR GEO. LINDSAY HOLPORD, K.C.V.O., CLE,
180. MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES, ESQ. (_Provott ofKing't Coll., Cambridge). 154.
1910. 181. MICHAEL TOMKINSON.
1911. 182. SIR GEORGE PREDERIC WARNER.
183. CHARLES H. ST. JOHN HORNBY, ESQ.
184. VISCOUNT COKE.
1912. 185. JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN, ESQ., LL.D.
1913. 186. LORD ALEXANDER THYNNE, M.P.
187. SIR FREDERIC KENYON, K.C.B.
188. SIR JOHN STIRLING MAXWELL, BART.
J^ojrfiurflje Clu6.
CATALOGUE OF THE BOOKS
PRESENTED TO
AND PRINTED BY THE CLUB.
LONDON
MCUXIII.
CATALOGUE.
1. Certaine Bokes of Vibgiles Aenaeis, turned into English Meter.
By the Right Honorable Lorde, Henet Eable of Surrey.
"William Bolland, Esq. 1814.
2. Caltha Poetarum ; or, The Bumble Bee. By T. Ctitwode, Esq.
Richard Hbber, Esq. 1815.
3. The Three Eirst Books of Ovid de Tristibus, Translated into
English. By Thomas Churchtarde.
Earl Spencer, President. 1816.
4. Poems. By Richard Barnfield.
James Boswell, Esq. 1816.
5. Dolarnet's Primerose or the Eirst part of the Passionate
Hermit.
Sir Prancis Ereeling, Bart. 1816.
6. La Contenance de la Table, 12mo.
George Henry Ereeling, Esq. 1816.
7. Newes from Scotland, declaring the Damnable Life of Doctor
Eian, a notable Sorcerer, who was burned at Edenbrough in
lanuarie last 1591.
George Henry Ereeling, Esq. 1816.
8. A proper new Interlude of the World and the Child, otherwise
called Mundus et lufans.
ViscoTjNT Althorp. 1817.
9. Hagthorpe Revived; or Select Specimens of a Eorgotten Poet
Sir Samuel Egerton Brydges, Bart. 1817.
10. Istoria novellamente ritrovata di due nobili Amanti, &c. da
LuiGi Porto.
Rev. William Holwell Care. 1817.
11. The Euneralles of King Edward the Sixt.
Rev. James William Dodd, 1817.
4
12. A Roxburghe Garland, 12mo.
James Boswell, Esq. 1817.
13. Cock Lorell's Boat, a Fragment from the original in the British
Museum.
Rev. Henkt Deurt. 1817.
14. Le Livre du Faucon.
Robert Lang, Esq. 1817.
15. The Glutton's Feaver. By Thomas Bancroft.
John Delaeield Phelps, Esq. 1817.
16. The Chorle and the Birde.
Sir Mark Mastbrman Sykes, Bart. 1818.
17. Daiphantus, or the Passions of Love. By Antony Scoloker.
Roger "Wilbraham, Esq. 1818.
18. The Complaint of a Lover's Life.
Controversy between a Lover and a Jay.
Rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin, Vice President. 1818.
19. Balades and other Poems. By John Gower. Printed from
the original Manuscript in the Library of the Marquis of
StaflFord, at Trentham.
Earl Gower. 1818.
20. Diana; or the excellent conceitful Sonnets of H. C, supposed
to have been printed either in 1592 or 1594.
Edward Littledale, Esq. 1818.
21. Chester Mysteries. De Deluvio Noe. De Occisione Innocen-
tium.
James Heywood Markland. 1818.
22. Ceremonial at the Marriage of Mary Queen of Scotts with
the Dauphin of France.
William Bentham, Esq. 1818.
23. The Solempnities and Triumphes doon and made at the
Spousells and Marriage of the King's Daughter the Ladye
Marye to the Prynce of Castile, Archduke of Austrige.
John Dent, Esq. 1818.
24. The Life of St. Ursula.
Guiscard and Sigismund.
Duke of Devonshire. 1818.
25. Le Morte Arthur. The Adventures of Sir Launcelot Du Lake.
Thomas Ponton, Esq. 1819.
26. Six Bookes of Metamorphoseos in whyche ben conteyned the
tables of Ovyde. Translated out of Prensslie into Englysslie
by William Caxton. Printed from a Manuscript in the
Library of Mr. Secretary Pepys, in the College of St. Mary
Magdalen, in the University of Cambridge.
George Hibbert, Esq. 1819.
27. Cheuelere Assigne.
Edward Vernon Utterson, Esq. 1820.
28. Two Interludes : Jack Jugler and Thersytes.
Joseph Haslewood, Esq. 1820.
29. The New Notborune Mayd. The Boke of Mayd Emlyn.
George Isted, Esq. 1820.
30. The Book of Life ; a Bibliographical Melody.
Dedicated to the Boxburghe Club by Bichard Thomson.
8vo. 1820.
31. Magnyfycence : an Interlude. By John Skelton, Poet Laureat
to Henry VIII.
Joseph Littledale, Esq. 1821.
32. Judicium, a Pageant. Extracted from the Towneley Manu-
script of Ancient Mysteries.
Peregrine Edward Towneley, Esq. 1822.
33. An Elegiacal Poem, on the Death of Thomas Lord Grey, of
Wilton. By Bobert Marston. Erom a Manuscript in the
Library of The Bight Honourable Thomas Grenville.
Viscount Morpeth. 1822.
34. Selections from the Woflcs of Thomas Bavenscropt; a
Musical Composer of the time of King James the First.
Duke of Marlborough. 1822.
35. L^Lii Peregrini Oratio in Obitum Torquati Tassi. Editio
secunda.
Sir Samuel Egerton Brydges, Bart. 1822.
36. The Hors, the Shepe, and the Ghoos.
Sir Mark Masterman Sykes, Bart. 1822.
37. The Metrical Life of Saint Bobert of Knaresborough.
Bev. Henry Drury. 1824).
38. Inforraacon for Pylgrymes unto the Holy Londe. Prom a
rare Tract in the Library of the Faculty of Advocates,
Edinburgh.
George Henry Preeling, Esq. 1824.
39. The Cuck-Queanes and Cuckolds Errants or the Bearing Down
the Inne, a Comsedie. The Paery Pastorall or Porrest of
Elues. By W P , Esq.
John Arthur Lloyd, Esq. 1824.
40. The Garden Plot, an Allegorical Poem, inscribed to Queen
Elizabeth. By Henry Goldingham. Prom an unpublished
Manuscript of the Harleian Collection in the British Museum.
To which are added some account of the Author; also a reprint
of his Masques performed before the Queen at Norwich on
Thursday, August 21, 1578.
Venera:ble Archdeacon Wrangham. 1825.
41. La Rotta de Prancciosi a Terroana novamente facta.
La Botta de Scocesi.
Earl Spencer, President. 1825.
42. Nouvelle Edition d'un Poeme sur la Journ^e de Guinegate.
Presented by the Marquis de Portia. 1825.
43. Zul^ima, par C. Pichler. 12mo.
Presented by H. de Chateaugiron. 1825.
44. Poems written in English, by Charles, Duke op Orleans,
during his Captivity in England after the Battle of Azincourt.
George "Watson Taylor, Esq. 1827.
45. Proceedings in the Court Martial held upon John, Master
of Sinclair, Captain-Lieutenant in Preston's Regiment, for
the Murder of Ensign Schaw of the same Regiment, and
Captain Schaw, of the Royals, 17 October, 1708 ; with Corre-
spondence respecting that Transaction.
Sir Walter Scott, Bart. 1828.
46. The Ancient English Romance of Havelok the Dane ; accom-
panied by the Prench Text : with an Introduction, Notes, and
a Glossary. By Frederic Madden, Esq.
Printed for the Club. 1828.
47. Gaufridi Arthurii Monemuthensis Archidiaconi, postea
vero Episcopi Asaphensis, de Vita et Vaticiniis Merlini Cali-
donii, Carmen Heroicum.
Hon. and Eev. G. Neville Grenville. 1830.
48. The Ancient English Romance of William and the Werwolf;
edited from an unique copy in King's College Lihrary, Cam-
bridge; with an Introduction and Glossary. By Frederic
Madden, Esq.
Earl Cawdor. 1832.
49. The Private Diary of William, first Earl Cowper, Lord
Chancellor of England.
Rev. Edward Craven Hawtrey. 1833.
50. The Lyvys of Seyntes ; translated into Englys be a Doctour
of Dyuynite clepyd Osbern Bokenam, frer Austyn of the
Convent of Stocklare.
Viscount Clive, President. 1835.
51. A Little Boke of Ballads.
Dedicated to the Club by E. V. Utterson, Esq. 1836.
52. The Love of Wales to their Soueraigne Prince, expressed in a
true Relation of the Solemnity held at Ludlow, in the Countie
of Salop, upon the fourth of November last past, Anno Domini
1616, being the day of the Creation of the high and mighty
Charles, Prince of Wales, and Earle of Chester, in his Maiesties
Palace of White-Hall.
Presented by the Honourable R. H. Clive. . 1837.
53. Sidneiana, being a collection of Eragments relative to Sir
Philip Sidney, Knight, and his immediate Connexions.
Bishop oe Licheield. 1837.
54. The Owl and the Nightingale, a Poem of the Twelfth
Century. Now first printed from Manuscripts in the Cottonian
Library, and at Jesus College, Oxford ; w ith an Introduction
and Glossary. Edited by Josephus Stevenson, Esq.
Sib Stephen Richard Glynne, Bart. 1838.
55. The Old English Version of the Gesta Romanorum : edited
for the first time from Manuscripts in the British Museum
and University Library, Cambridge; with an Introduction
and Notes, by Sir Erederic Madden, K.H.
Printed for the Club. 1838.
8
56. Illustrations of Ancient State and Chivalry, from MSS.
preserved in the Ashmolean Museum, with an Appendix.
Benjamin Barnabd, Esq. 1840.
57. Manners and Household Expenses of England in the Thir-
teenth and Eifteenth Centuries, illustrated hy original Becords.
I. Household Roll of Eleanor Countess of Leicester, A.D.
1265. II. Accounts of the Executors of Eleanor Queen Consort
of Edward I. A.D. 1291. III. Accounts and Memoranda of Sir
John Howard, first Duke of Norfolk, A.D. 1462 to A.D. 1471.
Beriah Botfield, Esq. 1841.
58. The Black Prince, an Historical Poem, written in Erench, by
Chandos Hebald ; with a Translation and Notes by the
Bev. Henry Octavius Coxe, M.A.
Printed for the Club. 1842.
59. The Decline of the last Stuarts. Extracts from the Despatches
of British Envoys to the Secretary of State.
Printed for the Club. 1843.
60. Vox Populi Vox Dei, a Complaynt of the Comons against
Taxes. Presented according to the Direction of the late
Right Hon. Sir Joseph Littledale, Knt. 1843.
61. Household Books of John Duke of Norfolk and Thomas Earl
of Surrey; temp. 1481—1490. From the original Manuscripts
in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries, London. Edited
by J. Payne Collier, Esq., E.S.A.
Printed for the Club. 1844.
62. Three Collections of English Poetry of the latter part of the
Sixteenth Century.
Presented by the Duke of Northumberland, K.G. 1845.
63. Historical Papers, Part I. Castra Regia, a Treatise on the Sue-
cession to the Crown of England, addressed to Queen Elizabeth
by Roger Edwards, Esq., in 1568. Novissiraa StraflFordii,
Some account of the Proceedings against, and Demeanor of,
Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, both before and during
his Trial, as well as at his Execution: written in Latin by
Abraham Wright, Vicar of Okeham, in Rutlandshire. The
same (endeauord) in English by James Wright, Barrister
at Law.
Rev. Philip Bliss,D.C.L., and Rev. BulkeletBandinel. 1846.
64. Correspondence of Sia Henry Unton, Knt., Ambassador
from Queen Elizabeth to Henry IV. King of Prance, in the years
MDXOI. and MDXCII. Erom the originals and authentic
copies in the State Paper Office, the British Museum, and the
Bodleian Library. Edited by the Rev. Joseph Stevenson, M. A.
Printed por the Club. 1847.
65. La Vraie Cronicque d'Escoce. Pretensions des Anglois a la
Couronne de Prance. Diplome de Jacques VI. Roi de la
Grande Bretagne. Drawn from the Burgundian Library by
Major Robert Anstruther.
Printed for the Club. 1847.
66. The Sherley Brothers, an Historical Memoir of the Lives of
Sir Thomas Sherley, Sir Anthony Sherley, and Sir Robert
Sherley, Knights, by one of the same House. Edited and
Presented by
Evelyn Philip Shirley, Esq. 1848.
67. The Alliterative Romance of Alexander. Prom the unique
Manuscript in the Ashmolean Museum. Edited by the
Rev. Joseph Stevenson, M.A.
Printed por the Club. 1849.
68. Letters and Dispatches from Sir Henry Wotton to James
the Pirst and his Ministers, in the years MDCXVII — XX.
Printed from the originals in the Library of Eton College.
George Tomline, Esq. 1850.
69. Poema quod dicitur Vox Clamantis, necnon Chronica
Tripartita, auctore Johanne Gower, nunc primum edidit
H. O. CoxE, M.A. Printed for the Club. 1850.
70. Pive Old Plays. Edited from Copies, either unique or of great
rarity, by J. Payne Collier, Esq., P.S.A.
Printed for the Club. 1851.
71. The Romaunce of the Sowdone of Babylone and of Perumbras
his Sone who conquerede Rome.
The Duke of Buccleuch, President. 1854
72. The Ayenbite of Inwyt. Prom the Autograph MS. in the
British Museum. Edited by the Rev. Joseph Stevenson, M.A.
Printed for the Club. 1855
10
73. John de Garlande, de Triumphis EcclesisB Libri Octo, A Latin
Poem of the Thirteenth Century. Edited, from the unique
Manuscript in the British Museum, by Thomas Wkight,
Esq., M.A., E.S.A., Hon. M.R.S.L., &c. &c.
Eabl of Powis. 1856.
74. Poems by Michael Drayton. Prom the earliest and rarest
Editions, or from Copies entirely unique. Edited, with
Notes and Illustrations, and a new Memoir of the Author,
by J. Patne Colliek, Esq., P.S.A.
Printed roB the Club. 1856.
75. Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth. In Two
Volumes. Edited from his Autograph Manuscripts, with
Historical Notes and a Biographical Memoir, by John Gough
Nichols, P.S.A.
Printed for the Club. 1857.
76. The Itineraries of William Wby, Pellow of Eton College, to
Jerusalem, A.D. 1458 and A.D. 1462 ; and to Saint James of
Compostella, A.D. 1456. Prom the original MS. in the
Bodleian Library.
Printed for the Club. 1857.
77. The Boke of Noblesse ; Addressed to King Edward the Pourth
on his Invasion of Prance in 1475. "With an Introduction by
John Gough Nichols, P.S.A.
Lord Delamere. 1860.
78. Songs and Ballads, with other Short Poems, chiefly of the
Beign of Philip and Mary. Edited, from a Manuscript in the
Ashmolean Museum, by Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.,
&c. &c.
Robert S. Holford, Esq. 1860.
79. De Regimine Principum, a Poem by Thomas Occleve,
written in the Reign of Henry IV. Edited for the first time
by Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., P.S.A., &c. &c.
Printed for the Club. 1860.
80. The History of the Holy Graal; partly in English Verse
by Henry Lonelich Skynner, and wholly in Prench Prose by
Sires Robiers de Borron. In two Volumes. Edited, from MSS.
11
in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and the
British Museum, by Predertok: J. Fubnivall, Esq., M.A.,
Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
Printed for the Club. 1861 and 1863.
81. B/oberd of Brunne's Handlyng Synne, written A.D. 1203 ; with
the French Treatise on which it is founded, Le Manuel des
Pechie3 by William of "Waddington. From MSS. in the British
Museum and Bodleian Libraries. Edited by Frederick J.
FuRNivALL, Esq., M.A.
Printed tor the Club. 1862.
82. The Old English Version of Partonope of Blois. Edited for
the first time from MSS. in University College Library and
the Bodleian at Oxford, by the Rev. W. E. Buckley, M.A.,
B-ector of Middleton Cheney, and formerly Fellow of Brasenose
College.
Printed for the Club. 1862.
83. PhUosophaster, Comoedia; Poemata, auctore Roberto Burtono,
S. Th. B., Democrito Juniore, Ex ^de Christi Oxon.
Rev. William Edward Buckley. 1862.
84. La Queste del Saint Graal. In the French Prose of Maistres
Gautiers Map, or Walter Map. Edited by Frederick J.
Furnivall, Esq., M.A., Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
Printed for the Club. 1864).
85. A Royal Historic of the excellent Knight Generides.
Henry Hucks Gibbs, Esq. 1865.
86. The Copy-Book of Sir Amias Poulet's Letters, written during
his Embassy in France, A.D. 1577.
Printed for the Club. 1866.
87. The Bokes of Nurture and Kervynge.
Hon. Robert Curzon. 1867.
88. A Map of the Holy Land, illustrating Wey's Itineraries.
Printed for the Club. 1867.
89. Historia Quatuor Regum Anglise, authore Johanne Herdo.
Simon Watson Taylor, Esq. 1868.
90. Letters of Patrick Ruthven, Earl of Forth and Brentford
1615—1662. Duke of Buccleuch, President. 1868.
12
91. The Pilgrimage of the Lyf of the Manhode, from the Erench of
Guillaume de Deguileville. Feinted for the Club. 1869.
92. Correspondence of Colonel N. Hooke, 1703 — 1707. Vol. I.
Pbinted for the Club. 1870 — 1.
93. liber Eegalis ; seu ordo Conseorandi Eegem et Reginam.
Earl Beauohamp. 1870.
94. Le Myst^re de Saint Louis, Roi de Prance.
Printed for the Club. 1871.
95. Correspondence of Colonel N. Hooke, 1703—1707. Vol. II.
Printed for the Club. 1871.
96. The History of the Most Noble Knight Plasidas, and other
Pieces, from the Pepysian Library.
Printed for the Club. 1873.
97. Plorian and Plorete, a Metrical Romance.
Marquis of Lothian. 1873.
98. A Fragment of Partonope of Blois, from a Manuscript at Vale
Royal. Printed for the Club. 1873.
99. The Legend of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton.
Paul Butler, Esq. 1874.
100. Correspondence of the Pirst Earl of Ancram and the Third
Earl of Lothian. 1616—1687. 2 Vols.
Marquis of Lothian. 1875.
101. The History of Grisild the Second, by William Porrest.
"Baron Heath. 1875.
102. The Complete Poems of Richard Barnfield.
Printed for the Club. 1876.
103. The Apocalypse of St. John, from an Early English Manu-
script. Printed for the Club. 1876.
104. Poems from Sir Kenelm Digby's Papers.
Henry Arthur Bright, Esq. 1877.
105. Cephalus and Procris, by Thomas Edwards.
Printed for the Club. 1880—2.
106. Sir John Harington on the Succession to the Crown, 1602.
Printed for the Club. 1880.
13
107. Print of Sir John Harington.
Fredeuio Ouvrt, Esq. 1881.
108. An Inquisition of the Manors of Glastonbury Abbey, 1189.
Marquis of Bath. 1882.
109. The Lamport Garland. Printed for the Club. 1882.
110. The Elings Prophecie, by Bishop Hall.
Printed for the Club. 1883.
111. Caxton's Quatuor Sermones.
Printed for the Club. 1883.
112. The life and Martyrdom of St. Katherine of Alexandria.
Alban G. H. Gibbs, Esq. 1884.
113. The Beaumont Papers. Printed for the Club. 1884.
114. Les Miracles de Nostre Dame. John Malcolm, Esq. 1885.
115. Croftus, sive de Hibernia Liber, by William Herbert.
Earl of Powis, President. 1887.
116. Basilicon Doron, 1599, by King James I.
Charles Butler, Esq. 1887.
117. The Triumphes of Petrarch, translated by Lord Morley, 1554.
Earl of Iddesleigh. 1887.
118. The Miroure of Man's Salvacionne.
Alfred H. Huth, Esq. 1888.
119. The Buke of John Maundevill.
Printed for the Club. 1889.
120. Stuart Papers. Two Vols. Printed for the Club. 1889.
121. Diary of a Tour in 1732 by John Loveday of Caversham.
John E. T. Loyedat, Esq. 1890.
122. Memoirs of Thomas Earl of Ailesbury. Written by Himself.
Two Vols. Printed for the Club. 1890.
123. Sodalivm qvi nvnc svnt E-oxbvrghensivm annvm ab institvto
sodalitio Ixxx feliciter celebrantivm vivida vi solis advmbratsB
Icones. 1893.
124. Le Pelerinage de Vie Humaine de Guillaume de Deguileville.
Edited by J. J. Sitjrzinger.
Printed for the Club. 1893.
14
125. Le Mist^re de Saint Adrien. Edited by Emile Picot.
H.R.H. The Duo d'Atjmale. 1895.
126. Memoirs of Sir John Clerk and John Macky.
Charles Butler, Esq. 1895.
127. Le Pterin age de I'Anie de Guillaume de Deguileville.
Edited by J. J. SttJrzinger.
Printed for the Club. 1895.
128. A Dialoge or Confabulation between two Travellers. Edited
by J. E. Latton Pickering.
Victor B. "W. Van de Weyer, Esq. 1896.
129. Notes which passed at Meetings of the Privy Council between
Charles II. and the Earl of Clarendon, 1660—1667. Edited
by the Rev. W. D. Macrat.
Lord Eosebert, K.G. 1896.
130. Letters of Sir Thomas Copley,
Richard Copley Christie, Esq. 1897.
131. Cartularium Monasterii Sancti Johannis Baptiste de
Colecestria. Edited by Stuart A. Moore. Two Vols.
Earl Cowper, K.G. 1897.
132. The Parlement of the Thre Ages. Edited by Israel
GoLLANcz. Sir John Evans, K.C.B. 1897.
133. Le PMerinage Jhesucrist de Guillaume de Deguileville.
Edited by J. J. Sturzinger.
Printed poe the Club. 1897.
134. A Short Treatise of Hunting, by Sir Thomas Cookaine,
Knight, 1591.
Presented to the Club by G. E. Cokayne, Esq. 1897.
135. The Dissertation on the Accounts of All Souls College,
Oxford. By Sir "William Blackstone.
Sir William Reynell Anson, Bart. 1898.
136. History of Oliver of Castile. Edited by Robert Edmund
Graves. Presented by Wakefield Christie-Miller, Esq., for
Samuel Christie-Miller, Esq. 1899.
137. Thirty-two Miniatures from the Book of Hours of Joan II.,
Queen of Navarre. In Two Parts.
Henry Yates Thompson, Esq. 1899.
15
138. The Metz Pontifical Edited by E. S. Dbwiok.
Sir Thomas Brooke, Baet. 1902.
139. The Game of Ombre, by the Lord Aldenham, 1902.
Lord Aldenham. 1902.
140. The Growrie Conspiracy. Confessions of George Sprot.
From MSS. in the possession of the Earl of Haddington.
Edited by Andrew Lang.
Andrew Lang, Esq. 1902.
141. The Epistle of Othea to Hector, or the Boke of Knyghthode.
Translated from the French of Christine de Pisan by Stephen
Sorope. Edited by George F. Warner.
Marquis oe Bath. 1904.
142. The Nobility of Women. By William Bercher, 1659. Edited
by E. Warwick Bond. 1904.
The Nobility of Women. Addenda, Glossary & Index. 1905.
Charles Brinslby Marlat, Esq.
143. The Castell of Labour. Translated from the French of Pierre
Gringore by Alexander Barclay. Edited by Alfred W. Pollard.
The Duke of Buocleuch, K.G., K.T. 1905.
144. The Academy of Armory, or a Storehouse of Armory and
Blazon. By Eandle Holme, 1682. Second Volume. Edited
by L H. Jeates.
Printed for the Club. 1905.
145. The Pilgrimage of the Life of Man. Englished by
John Lydgate, A.D. 1426, from the French of Giiillaume
de Deguileville. Edited by F. J. Furnivall,
Printed for the Club. 1906.
146. Titus and Vespasian, or the Destruction of Jerusalem in
Ehymed Couplets. Edited from the London and Oxford
MSS. by J. A. Herbert.
Printed for the Club. 1905.
147. The Club. 1764-1905.
Sir Mountstuart E. Grant Duff. 1905.
148. Letters of Phillip Gawdy to Various Members of his Family,
1579 to 1616. Edited by Isaac Herbert Jeates.
Lord Amherst of Hackney. 1906.
16
149. Lord Byron and His Detractore.
John Mureay, Esq. 1906.
150. The Pageants of Ricliard Beaucliamp Earl of Warwick ;
with an Introduction by William, Bael of CakysfoeTj K.P.
Earl of Oahtsfoet, K.P. 1908.
151. The Mirrour of the Blessed Lyf of Jesu Christ.
Lord Aldbnham. 1908.
152. Femina. From a unique MS. in the Library of Trinity
College, Cambridge.
William Aldis Weight, Esq. 1909.
153. Letters written by Charles Lamb's " Princely Woman the
thrice Noble Margaret Newcastle" to her husband; by his
"Fine old Whig" William Plumer to the third Duke of
Portland and Lord William Bentinck ; also by his " Old
Bencher " Samuel Salt. From the originals at Welbeck Abbey.
Together with a reprint of a rare pamphlet entitled " Con-
siderations sur I'Etat actuel de la France du Mois de Juin
1815 ; par un Anglais " [i.e., F. A. Blia],
With Portraits and Facsimile. Crown 4to; pp. [x] + 192.
The Duke of Poetland, K.G-., G.C.V.O. 1909,
154. Survey of the Lands of William First Earl of Pembroke.
The Eael of Pembeoke & Montgomeet, G.C.V.O. 1909.
155. The Trinity College Apocalypse. A Reproduction in facsimile
of the Manuscript R. 16. 2 in the Library of Trinity College,
Cambridge. With Preface and Description by Montague
Rhodes James, Litt.D., F.B.A., F.S.A.
Peintbd foe the Club. 1909.
156. The Benedictional of St. -^thelwold. Bishop of Winchester
963-984. Reproduced in facsimile from the MS. in the
Library of the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth. With Text
and Introduction by Geoege Feedekio Waenek, D.Litt., Keeper
of MSS. at the British Museum, and Heney Austin Wilson, M.A.,
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Pp. 56 -|- iv -f 119 folios
facsimile. With coloured Frontispiece. London, 1910. Folio.
Duke of Devgnshiee. 1910.
17
157. The Correspondence between Edmund Burke and William
Windham, with other illustrative Letters from the Windham
Papers in the British Museum. Edited by J. P. Gilson, M.A.,
Assistant Keeper of MSS. British Museum. Pp. xx + 254.
Demy 4to. Cambridge, 1 910.
Rt. Honble. a. J. BALrouE. 1910.
158. " Epistole et Evangelii et Lectioni Volgari in Lingua Toscana."
The woodcuts of the Florentine Edition of July, 1495,
reproduced in facsimile with the Text from a copy in the
Library of C. W. Dyson Perrins. With Tables and Introduction
by Alfred W. Pollaed. Sm. folio ; pp. xxvi + 147. London,
1910.
Chaeles W. Dtson Peeeins, Esq. 1910.
159. " Le Pelerinage de Vie Humaine." Reproduced in facsimile
from the Printed Book in the Library of the Earl of Ellesmere.
With a Bibliographical Note by Alpeed W. Pollaed.
Pp. xxvi + a — z., & — 9 ; all sixes. Sm. folio. Manchester,
1912.
The Eael op Eliesmeee. 1912.
160. Ballads and Broadsides chiefly of the Elizabethan Period,
and printed in Black Letter, most of which were formerly
in the Heber Collection, and are now in the Library at Britwell
Court, Buckinghamshire. Edited with Notes and an Intro-
duction by Heebeet L. Collman. Pp. xiii + 287. Folio.
Oxford, 1912.
Sydney Cheistie-Millee, Esq. 1912
161. Songs, Ballads, and Instrumental Pieces composed by King
Henry the Eighth. Reproduced from the British Museum
MS. 31922. Collected and arranged by the Lady Maey
Tebpusis. To which is prefixed a List of the King's Instru-
ments. From the British Museum MS. (Harl. MSS., 1419).
Pp. XXX + 68. Folio. Oxford, 1912.
The Eael Beauchamp. 1912.
The President and members of the Roxburghe Club desire
to express their hearty thanks to Archbishop Wake's trustees
for their kind permission to copy the manuscript which is re-
produced in this volume, and for the facilities which they have
courteously extended to the Club for carrying out the work.
They also desire to thank the Earl of Leicester for permission
to copy certain pages of his manuscript; and to acknowledge
with many thanks the assistance rendered by Mr. A. Van de Put,
of the Victoria and Albert Museum, in interpreting the heraldic
ornaments contained in the manuscripts.
April, 191 3.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION pages
The Christ Church Manuscript ... ix
The Holkham Manuscript .... xxxviii
Heraldry. Notes by Mr. A. Van de Put Ixiv
Index ........ Ixxiii
FACSIMILES
The treatise of Walter de Milemete: De
nobilitatibus, sapientiis, et prudentiis
Regum (Christ Church MS.) i-is6
Selected pages from the treatise De Secretis
Secretorum Aristotelis (Holkham MS.) 15-7-186
INTRODUCTION
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT
Description and History
The manuscript measures 9^^ inches by 8^, and contains
1 + 82 free leaves (i. e. leaves not pasted to the covers) ; the
text has 20 lines to a full page.
The binding is of beech vi^ood boards. These are now
covered by a * chemise ' of red patterned velvet, said to be of
the fifteenth century, with ornaments broidered on it in gold
and silver thread. The chemise when unfolded measures 24^
inches in length by 2 of in breadth. It is lined with thick
deerskin (?). There are two tassels of yellow silk at the upper
corners and remains of an edging of yellow or gold cord. The
pattern of the velvet runs horizontally to the height of the book,
and the ornaments are set in the same direction. These latter
are all of one type, and appear to represent pomegranates set
in calyxes.
The velvet is in good condition, but much tattered where it
folds over at the upper edge of the book.
The collation is as follows : One fly-leaf: i* 2^-5^ (wants
5) 6* 7^ 8'** (+ 2 after the fourth leaf) 9*^ 10* 11* (wants i)
1 2 an anomalous quire of nine leaves : apparently consisting of
six leaves plus two pairs of inserted leaves, and minus one leaf;
but I cannot detect the place of the missing leaf: 13* (two
lining the cover).
Very few of the catchwords or signatures remain.
On the vellum fly-leaf is this inscription :
* Bibliothecae Aedis X*' Oxon / Librum hunc donavit Guliel-
mus Carpender / Parochiae de Stanton super Vagam / in
Agro Herefordensi Rector, / Ejusdem Aedis olim Alumnus /
A.D. 1707.'
b
X INTRODUCTION
The old press-mark was E. ii. The manuscript is no. 92
in Kitchin's Catalogue.
At the end is a note: * lyg March 4th returnd
tynlly (?).'
Or the history of the volume before its arrival at Christ
Church I find no trace ; but it had not long been in Oxford
— had not, in fact, been actually placed in the Library of his
College by Dean Aldrich — before it attracted the notice of
Thomas Hearne. In his Collections he gives an account of it
which will be found interesting. The first note is under date
1706, Oct. 25 [Collections, vol. i, p. 298, ed. Oxford Historical
Society) :
* The Dean of X* Ch. has a MS* written in y*' time of
K. Edward III. Quaere w* it is?'
Then on p. 299 :
* The Book above mention'd of the Dean of X* Ch. was
written by Walter de Millemet Clericus in the year 1326,
viz. the I*' of the Reign of Edw. 3. It beginns thus {the
Rubric is quoted).
* 'Tis in quarto & most curiously illuminated, containing
some of the chief Courtiers etc. of that time. Arms, Birds,
Beasts, etc. The Author I do not find mention'd in Leland,
Bales, or Pits. The Shoes then w^^out Heels, as appears fi-om
the Pictures. At the End of the Rubricks the Pictures of
K. Edw. Ill & Qu. Philippa.
* The Book itself beginns thus . . .
* In the 2nd page the Arms of the K. of England. After
that follow the Arms of the Prince of Wales, the Pictures of
Courtney & Wake, the Arms of Th. Brotherton E. of
Norfolk, viz. Gu. 3 Lions pas. or, a. file of five. 2 of Edm.
de Woodstock, viz. Gul. 3 hions passant or w*in.a Border Arg.
w* other Arms of y* Nature. The ii*^ Chapter is . . .
*Just above y^ Beginning of this chapter K. Ed. Ill is
painted etc. as also he is in several places. Presently after the
Beginning of this Chapter is the Author's Name ... At
the bottom of one page of this Chapter are y^ Arms of
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xi
Henry Earl of Lancaster . . . and of Edmund Earl of
Lancaster. . . .
* From this chapter it appears y* this Author transcrib'd
Aristotle's Book intitled de Secretis Secretorum (w*^'' Aristotle
had presented to Alexander the Great) for y^ use of K. Edward,
and y' w* he has writ in this Book was only by way of Supple-
ment & Explication. This to be taken Notice of hereafter by
y^ Editor of Aristotle's Works. The Author very free in tell-
ing the King to preserve the Rights & Liberties of the Church.
The Gloves much then as the tip'd Gloves now. The Arms
of John de Eltham Earl of Cornwall . . . No sleeves to y^"' Coats.
I take this to have been y* very Copy that was presented to
K. Edward by y* Author.' '
There are some other mentions of the manuscript in Hearne's
Collections^ but they do not add materially to this, his principal
account. It is noteworthy that he has seized upon a salient
point of interest, namely, that the Christ Church MS. was not
the whole of Walter de Milemete's offering to the King,
but that a sister book went with it. That sister book we have
in the Holkham MS. of the Secreta Secretorum.
Walter de Milemete himself is, and must, I fear, remain, an
obscure personality. He calls himself clericus, and is styled
King's clerk in the one document referring to him which
I have been able to find.* This is in the Calendar of Patent
Rolls of Edward III (13 27-1 3 30), p. 250. Here is entered
under date 1328, March 5, York :
* Grant to Master Walter de Milemete, King's clerk, of the
prebend which Adam de Carleton, late archdeacon of Corn-
wall, deceased, formerly had in the church of St. Thomas,
Glasneye, in the King's gift by reason of the voidance of the
see of Exeter.'
At Glasney in Penryn, in the deanery of Kerrier in Corn-
' Hearne reproduces part of this account in his Discourse on the Stunsfield tessellated
Pavement prefixed to vol. viii of Leland's Itinerary (ed. % 1744, p. xxv).
^ I was under the impression that I had been the first to trace the grant ; but the
admirable Tanner has it in his Bibliothecay p. 527, s. v. Millemete.
xii INTRODUCTION
wall, was a collegiate church of St. Mary and St. Thomas the
Martyr (of Canterbury) founded in 1264 (and enlarged in
1267) by Walter Bronescomb, bishop of Exeter, for a priest,
a sacrist, eleven prebendaries, seven vicars and six choristers,
which at its dissolution in 26 Henry VIII was valued at
jf2io 1 3 J. 2cl. in toto^ and ^205 lOf. 6</. dare.
The fiiUest account of the foundation is in Oliver's Mona-
sticon Dioc. Exoniensis, p. 48. See also Dugdale (last ed.), vi.
1344, and Tanner's Notitia^ s. v. Penryn.
Whether Walter de Milemete ever occupied his prebendal
stall, and how long he enjoyed its revenues, I do not think
we can expect to learn. There are no registers of the founda-
tion in existence, and, I may add in passing, hardly any vestige
of the buildings remains.
As to the date of the treatise, we have the authority of
the introductory rubric that it was composed in the year 1326.
That year, of course, must be taken as extending up to the 25 th
of March in what we should call the year 1327. It was, indeed,
in the January of 1 3 2 f that Edward III, declared guardian
of the realm by his party in October, 1326, was placed on
the throne. On Jan. 20 the resignation of Edward II was
obtained: it was not until the 2 1 st of September that he was mur-
dered. Milemete's phraseology, quoted below, shows that when
he wrote Edward III was in effective possession of the throne,
but that Edward II was still living ; and towards him such lan-
guage is used as might not prove prejudicial to the writer if by
any chance he should regain power. The execution of the
Christ Church and the Holkham MSS. must, then, be assigned
to the last months of 1326 and the first three of what we now
call 1327. The Holkham MS. was apparently the first to be
written (though it is the less finished of the two), for Milemete
speaks of it as if it had been already sent. It was a safe gift
to make to the heir-apparent of the kingdom : there were no
allusions to contemporary politics, and the precepts contained
in the text could not but be useful to one who was marked
out as the next occupant of the throne. The same could
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xiii
hardly be said of the supplement to it which we have in the
Christ Church MS., where Edward III is definitely addressed
as King. No doubt, as the situation developed, Milemete
reflected that an additional gift, and one in which the rising
power was more directly greeted, would be advisable ; and, to
my thinking, he does his best to provide one without wholly
cutting off the opportunity of a retreat.
Contents of the Manuscript
For the benefit of those who are not desirous of reading the
whole text of Walter de Milemete — and I must say that no one
who does read it will be much the wiser — a summary of the
treatise shall be subjoined here.
The title (p. I ) sets forth that the book is to treat of the things
that concern the nobility, wisdom, and prudence of kings, and
that it is written * in honour of the illustrious Lord Edward by
the grace of God King of England, beginning to reign, in the
year from the incarnation of the Lord thirteen hundred and
twenty-six '.
Then follow the titles or rubrics of the chapters of the work.
Seventeen titles are given, but there is no text coresponding to
the first, which is : Of the supplications and divine prayers which
befit a king^ and of the stories of the acts of our Creator^ which
the King ought to contemplate. As the text begins a new quire
there is no means of knowing whether this first chapter ever
existed. It may have been intended to fill the four pages
following the rubrics, which are now occupied by pictures.
Chapter I. Of the invocation of the name of God at the begin-
ning of every work.
The writer quotes a number of passages from the Codex, the
Authentica, the Digest, xh^Decretum of Gratian, and the Timaeus
Platonis (the last on God as Creator of all) to justify his in-
vocation of the Deity, and ends with a prayer or aspiration
which contains some interesting features. He prays that God
would grant him grace to write * that which may tend to the
xiv INTRODUCTION
benefit and honour of our venerable Lord, Lord Edward Duke
of Aquitaine, Earl of Chester and Ponthieu/ for the love of
whom this treatise has been made. That the glorious God
Himself may grant to our Lord the Duke, and Earl of Chester
(the words domino nostro duct are written over an erasure and the
et is added aprh coup), the firstborn son and heir of our illus-
trious Lord, Lord Edward, by the grace of God King of England
(whom may the Most High help and preserve in all his good
and useful actions), that he may understand wisely the things
that are written in this book,' etc. etc.
The first Edward mentioned in this sentence is clearly
Edward III. Clearly also his father Edward II was alive when
the words were written j and to him a sort of modified allegiance
is expressed. The prayer that he may be helped in cunctis suis
actibus bonis et utilibus implies to my thinking that he was
thought capable of other acts which were not boni et utiles.
Chapter II. An Epistle enticing the Lord King to the acquir-
^^S ^f ^^^S^y knowledge.
To his most excellent and illustrious Lord Edward, by the
divine provision (not permissione but provisione) King of Eng-
land, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine, his humble and
devoted IValter de Milemete, clerk, (ofFereth) reverence and
honour 2ind faithful worship of devotion, himself znA all that is
his, etc.
(The italicized words have apparently been rewritten, pro-
bably in consequence of an error. It is not likely that any-
thing very different stood in their place originally.)
May God give you success. You know that the kingly
office exceeds all others in dignity ; and it is the duty of sub-
jects to consider how they may increase the power and majesty
of their lords, since the prosperity and success of the lords
tend to the profit of the commonwealth, and of all subjects.
Hence it is that I your subject have thought fit to compose
' He was created Earl of Ponthieu and Duke of Aquitaine by his father in
September, 1325.
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xv
this work, and also the book of the philosopher Aristotle, in
which a great store of human wisdom and discretion is con-
tained : as will appear later on clearly enough in various
chapters.
Whence it brings joy to the hearts of men, and the realm
of England may well be glad, that you, Lord King, Duke (the
word Dux is added at the end of a line, and Rex may also be
an addition), and Earl, firstborn son and heir of our illustrious
Lord King lately (the word nuper is also added at the end of
a line) of England — whom may the supreme God cherish in
all his profitable acts and always grant him the grace to do well
— are, as I truly believe, by the providence of God learned in
letters, and instructed in liberal and legal knowledge. (The
words run * et michi scienciis liberalibus et legalibus instructi ':
michi has some appearance of having a line drawn through it ;
perhaps it is a mistake for in or for multis.)
From this will accrue many advantages, as will be shown in
this treatise, and as I find {inuenio wrongly written) in divers
books that in ancient times the sons of kings and nobles were
taught by wise masters. For knowledge makes a man (a whole
list of excellences is given). Whence it is clear that a king
instructed after a proper sort will (be everything that could be
wished). Of this there is clear evidence fi-om the case of
Alexander the Great, who subdued many nations owing to the
counsels of a certain philosopher Aristotle, the wisest that ever
was. He wrote for King Alexander a book called the Book
concerning the secrets of the secrets of Aristotle. It was written
when the author was too aged and too weak in body to live
at the Court ; and by means of it Alexander was enabled to
achieve great success. And for this reason I have thought well
to have that book copied word for word for your use, that you
might have the benefit of its teaching, along with other supple-
ments and instructions concerning the kingly office which I
have thought out and added in this book. Thus you will have
the same advantages as Alexander ; and if you make use of them
I am sure that when you come to man's estate you will be
xvi INTRODUCTION
eminently successful, and in the end attain everlasting life.
And that it may be so, let every one who reads this chapter or
hears it read say devoutly to the praise and honour of God and
of the Blessed Virgin three Paternosters and the salutation of
the glorious Virgin.
Chapter III. Of the religion of the King and of his hope in
the divine power in all he does.
There is nothing so important as the true feith, which the
prince should learn. What is learnt early remains in the mind
till old age ; so early religious instruction is important.
The King must keep the Hberties of the Church unscathed :
he should attend upon its ministries, hear Mass at least once
a day, give alms, help the oppressed, and do good works.
He should command all religious persons (= monks) in his
realm to pray for the King, the Queen, and their children, and
to commemorate his predecessors.
He should love God above all things. This will secure him
the reverence of his subjects ; and if there should arise a dissen-
sion between the King and his barons, or among his subjects,
they will say to each other : * Lo, we have a good Christian
king who loves God and the Church. We shall do well to
submit ourselves to him : and if we have done anything against
him, we repent of it, and will humbly ask his pardon.'
Chapter IV. Of the nobility of the King, the prosperity of his
government, and the cause of his expedicio.
Wisdom, justice, and mercy are the means which will pro-
cure the love and attachment of the nobles and commons, and
will pave the way to conquest, prosperity, and everlasting life.
Chapter V. Of the wisdom of the King.
Wisdom is a very desirable thing. It leads to victory and to
peace. The King must keep peace among his magnates : he
should not take part with one against another : he should
consider all causes carefully, and, in particular, the propositions
made in parliamentis.
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xvii
Chapter VI. Of the deliberation of the King.
He must do all things discreetly and under advice. Nobles
and prelates will often come and ask for divers boons, as for
liberties to be granted to them, escheats, wards, marriages,
lands and rents to be held in mortmain, immunities and privi-
leges to be granted to places and individuals. These must be
dealt with fairly and careftiUy, not hastily. The answer should
be, * We have heard your petition, and will deliberate upon
it with our council.' If the request can be granted vidthout
damage to you, it should be granted. A great man should
perform what he has promised without undue haste or delay.
Chapter VII. Of the gratitude of the King.
Men do service for three principal causes : (i) from natural
inclination ; (2) from hope of gain ; (3) from compulsion.
Each of these classes is dwelt upon.
The first deserve most of their lord.
The second may be foreign vassals from another province,
mercenaries, serving the King in war as schanaldores^ or else
powerfiil subjects of your own. These a wise king will summon
before him when the war is over, and will thank them graciously
and reward them generously. Then they will say, * This is
a worthy lord to serve under.' This was the practice of the
great Alexander.
The third class should also be fittingly rewarded. Nothing
is more injurious than ingratitude. There is a metrical adage :
Lex et natura^ Christus et omnia iura
Dampnant ingratum, lamentantur fore natum.
The soldiers vvdll say in such a case, * We have toiled hard for
no return.' Though they may show a good face to you, their
hearts will be far from you. For these causes such men . . .
(here a leaf is lost ; it may have contained reflections upon
Edward II, and may therefore have been purposely removed).
' I have not succeeded in tracing this word.
C
xviii INTRODUCTION
Chapter VIII. Of the progress of the Kings instruction.
The chapter begins with a prayer for a blessing on the
understanding of the King. You should, continues the author,
know how to read and speak French and Latin, and among
other things it is very useful to possess a knowledge of the art
of writing, even though you may not always be busy with it :
for it is very important to be able to write letters yourself, and
avoid entrusting your counsels to a scribe. This again was
the practice of Alexander.
Chapter IX. Of the counsels and secret purposes of the
King^ how they should not he revealed^ and of the tests to he
employed for councillors.
There is great danger of a secretary becoming false to you.
You should test him by asking him to reveal to you all the
secrets he knows. If he refuses and keeps on refusing — saying
* Lord, in any other matter I would obey your will, but in this
it is impossible ' — you may trust him. There will be men
who will come to you unasked, and curry fevour by offering
to reveal the secrets of other persons. These you should by
no means trust. There is a method of knowing by means of
the science of astronomy the difference between a true and
a felse man : but it is too long to be set down here.
Chapter X. Of the solaces of the King, and of minstrelsy
which should be used in his Court.
The King may and should, as time and place are suitable,
divert himself with hawks, hunt with dogs, exercise himself
with arms and horsemanship. To look upon delightful books,
to have well-proportioned objects presented to his vision, to
listen to harmonized sounds {sonos temperatos) and to all sorts
of instruments which can wholesomely solace the senses of
man, and to indulge in other seemly sports which do not
detract from his dignity, — all these things are good for the
King, and will fit him for his more serious work. But he
should avoid degrading amusements.
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xix
Chapter XI. That every covetous^ avaricious^ or envious
person should be removed from the company of the King,
The author ampHfies this theme, but adds nothing to it.
Chapter XII. Of the provision of the King for his men of
war.
It is of great importance to equip the poorer vassals. Look
out promising young men. And, unless the end can be better
attained by other means, you may by request or royal letters
require the religious of your abbeys and priories to provide
fittingly for their food and clothing. Nor is this prejudicial
to the monasteries, for they are known to possess lands and
revenues exceeding their necessities, and besides, in time of
war, these soldiers will defend them. The men thus provided
for should be trained and drilled : they will owe you gratitude
for their maintenance, and in war one of them will be worth
six raw recruits.
Similarly, you should provide for old and worn-out soldiers.
You should also fi"om time to time review your army and
exhort your soldiers to act valiantly and maintain the honour
of the realm.
Chapter XIII. An exposition of the letter which King
Alexander sent to the philosopher Aristotle.
The point here is that, like Alexander, the King should be
liberal and gracious to the nobles of a conquered province.
Chapter XIV. Of the moral virtues pertaining to a king,
A king should be better than other people. He should
cultivate Justice, Prudence, Gratitude, Temperance, Liberality.
Each of these virtues is dwelt upon in a commonplace way.
Chapter XV. Of the mercy of the King.
Mercy is especially to be shown to prisoners.
The writing of pp. 1 1 6, 117 is more contracted than else-
where in the book. Doubtless this is because pp. 118, 119
are occupied by full-page pictures, and the writer found that
XX INTRODUCTION
his matter was likely to trespass upon them. The writing
here seems to me identical with that of the Holkham MS.
Chapter XVI. Of the battles of the King^ of the wisdom he
must practise in war, and of the exercises of knights and other
warriors.
Let him who wishes for peace be prepared for war.
It was practice and training in arms and military discipline
that enabled the Romans, few in number and small in stature,
to prevail against the multitudes of Gauls and the tall Germans.
Most nations who dwell in countries situated near the sun
are by nature timid.
Peasants are better soldiers than dwellers in towns, accus-
tomed to hard toil, able to stand the sun, unaccustomed to
baths (read Balneorum for Baueorum) and luxuries. Young
men, too, are more useful than old men.
Various reflections on bravery and cowardice and the size
of an army follow.
The benefits of training. Sallust ^ says of Pompey, * Cum
alacribus saltu, cum uelocibus cursu, cum ualidis uecte certabat^
He would not otherwise have been able to resist Sertorius.
The throwing of torches and making terrifying noises are
useful expedients at the beginning of a battle.
Different formations should be adopted for infantry and
cavalry. The ancients compared infantry to a wall.
You should be provided with wooden towers {castra lignea)
to attack your enemy and to spy on his movements, and also
other kinds of machines to throw great stones (grossos for
gressos) and darts to break down the buildings and walls of
cities. In some countries, too, there are elephants which carry
wooden towers.
Precepts as to taking of counsel.
You should often visit your army and stimulate the men by
promises of reward.
Mistakes in war are irrevocable.
' In the Histories^ quoted by Vegetius, de re militari, i. 9.
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxi
Constantia is a great requisite in a king.
Look after your commissariat. Keep on the move. Night
watches are essential. Employ spies. The utility of en-
couraging the soldiers by speeches.
On the day of battle soldiers should eat moderately.
Liberality should be studied when the dividing of the spoil
comes.
* And so, most noble Lord, if you observe these lessons con-
cerning wars and conflicts, and the many others which were
taught by Aristotle, the prince of philosophers, to the noble
King Alexander of Macedon, the conqueror of the world, and
are more fiiUy contained in the book de secretis secretorum
et prudentiis regum, sent by me to you, I have a firm confidence
that you will enjoy upon earth victory, honour, and fevour,
and in heaven, reigning vdth God and the whole heavenly host,
everlasting glory. Which God grant, who liveth and reigneth
without end. Amen.'
I will not say that all this advice is not very correct; but
Milemete has not the power of making it interesting. All that
he writes has the air of second-hand book-learning. The chap-
ters that deal with the virtues that befit the King and with
war have much in common with the de Secretis Secretorum^
and testify also to a knowledge of the work of Vegetius. But
whereas a large portion of the de Secretis is occupied with the
subject of medicine and diet, Milemete has nothing to add on
these topics.
The Decoration of the Manuscript
As to the number of artists who have been employed on the
manuscript there is room for difference of opinion. It will not
be contested that pp. i-io, ii8, 119, and the outline draw-
ings at the end, are the work of a single hand. These, how-
ever, carry with them the combats in the border of pp. 120 sqq.,
and, of course, the picture in the text of p. 120. We are not
xxii INTRODUCTION
justified in separating these combats from the other portions
of the borders. There is a hooded dog-headed monster on
p. 138 who coincides remarkably with one on p. no. (On
the other hand, the hairy creatures on pp. 88 and 128, alike
though they are, need not be by the same hand.)
We may, to begin with, assign to artist I practically all the
work on pp. i-io, and from 1 1 8 to the end, besides a possible
share in intermediate portions.
Reverting now to the beginning, and taking no account of
the illustrations in the text, we find a uniform series of heraldic
and decorative borders with occasional small figures of knights,
extending from p. 11 to p. 56, with one deviation on p. 37
(possibly also p. 38) : pp. 59, 60, 63, 64, 67, 68 may be by
the same hand. We call him artist II.
With p. 5 7 begins a series of borders in compartments in
which are grotesques and other figures, while heraldry is dis-
carded except at rare intervals. With the exceptions already
recorded, and others to be mentioned, the work of this aftist
(III) extends over pp. 57-70. Then comes a leaf by artist I
(pp. 71, 72; compare the nude man on p. 71 with that on
p. 104): pp. 73, 74 are by another, whom we have not met
with before (artist IV).
Artist III resumes at p. 75 and goes on to 82 : pp. 83, 84,
and (I think) 85 are by artist IV : 86-90 are coarser work :
91, 92 seem to be Ill's : 93-^6 I attribute to artist II : 97-
102 are by one artist, whether III or IV I do not feel certain.
With 103 a new quire begins, and I am inclined to assign the
whole of the subsequent work to artist I.^
Tabulating these surmises we get the following scheme :
quire i pp. i-io Pictures and borders Artist I
quires ii-iv pp. 11-56 (except perhaps 37, 38) Borders Artist II
quire V' pp. 57, 58 Borders Artist III
v" pp. 59, 60 — Artist II
V pp. 61, 62 — Artist III
V* pp. 63, 64 — Artist II ?
(v* lost)
V* pp. 65, 66 — Artist III
' A possible exception is p. u 5.
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxiii
quire v' pp. 67, 68 Borders Artist II
V* pp. 69, 70 — Artist III
vi' pp. 71, 72 — Artist I
vi' pp. 73, 74 — Artist IV
vi'-o pp. 75-82 — Artist III
vi' pp. 83, 84 — Artist IV
vi* p. 85 — Artist IV (or I)
vii'-3 pp. 86-92 — Artist III ?
vii*' 5 pp. 93-96 — Artist II
vii*-* pp. 97-102 — Artist III (or IV)
quires viii-xii pp. 103-156 Pictures and borders Artist I
The pictures in the text are also the work of several artists.
We have seen that one hand is responsible for those at the be-
ginning and end. For the rest the following division is sub-
mitted, which is practically that of Mr. S. C. Cockerell, who
has also given me the benefit of his advice in the discrimination
of the work in the borders.
A single artist, A, is responsible for the illustrations on
pp. II, 16, 53, 2iYi.& possibly 85.
A second, B, did those on pp. 36, 42.
A third, C, those on pp. 48 and 115 : note the similarity
of the suppliant figures in the two pictures. Yet the picture on
p. 1 1 5 occurs in the middle of work by artist I, and I cannot
be sure that it is not his.
To a fourth artist, D, is assigned the single picture on p. 74.
To a fifth, E, those on pp. 88, 92, 99, 102.
It must be added that artist A did at least the figures in the
border of p. 11, and as these cannot easily be separated fi:om
the rest of the border, it seems as if we should identify him
with artist II of the borders.
To artist II are assigned fF. 1—5 of the Holkham MS., and
to artist IV, f. 14 and some others in that volume.
Of the various artists whose work is thus tentatively divided,
none attains to the highest excellence. The work of artist I is
characterized by boldness and largeness of execution. It seems
not unlikely, judging firom the full-page compositions, in which
I should say that he took most pleasure, that he was accustomed
to deal with larger surfaces than were afforded by the pages of
books. It is possible that his pfoper w.ork was that of a mural
xxiv INTRODUCTION
painter. I see no such indication in the work of the remain-
ing artists ; they were book-illustrators, and most of them very
competent men. But all that is most original in the volume
is the work of a single painter, who seems here to be working
under conditions which did not allow his productions to be seen
to the best advantage.
It is not necessary, in the case of the Christ Church MS., to
describe in detail each of the decorated pages, since reproduc-
tions of all of them are before the reader. I will, however,
enumerate the subjects represented, and add such explanatory
remarks as appear useful. Notes on the heraldic portions of
the decorations are reserved for a special section.
p. I . The pictures all have reference to hawking. In the
principal one the young ^King sits with hawk on hand, and
holding a hawking glove. On r. and l. in the margins are young
men with hawking gloves and a hawk. Below them on l. an-
other with hawking gloves, and on r. one beating a metal vessel
to put up the game. Both these are looking at the scene below,
where a man with a lure (of two birds' wings) in his hand is
flying a hawk at two ducks which are about to rise out of a
stream.
p. 2 has knights and shields. These, and the fancy gro-
tesques, it is no part of my plan to notice.
p. 3. Margin : a dragon and a * monk-fish '.
p. 4. A St. Christopher of the ordinary type occupies half
the page.
p. 5 . Full page : St. George arming the young King : he
is about to hand to him the shield of England.
pp. 6, 7. A group of four knights on horseback assailing
a castle of ladies. The knights have no weapons, and the
ladies, four in number, are repelling the attack by throwing
flowers and shooting — possibly flowers — from bows apparently
empty. The scene resembles those sieges of the Castle of Love
which are often figured on the ivory caskets of the period.
p. 8. A king and queen seated. It cannot be Edward III,
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxv
or, at least, it cannot be his queen who is intended to be shown,
for in 1326 he was not yet married. An angel flying down
gives a flower to each, as in the pictures of St. Cecilia.
p. 9. Picture in text (cap. i. Of the invocation of the name
of God). The Trinity (of the form known as the * Italian'
Trinity, with the crucified Son). Three angels arm the kneel-
ing King ; one handing him a lance, the others holding out
sword and shield.
At top two angels adore the picture of Christ. On r. in the
margin kneels a beardless youth. In the initial a page holds
a caparisoned horse.
p. 16. Picture in text (the Epistola allectiva^ cap. ii). The
King throned, with three bishops and Milemete on l., and four
courtiers on r. Milemete, conventionally represented, wears a
long robe with a hood lined with vair, and holds up a book —
this book, we may suppose — ofi^ring it to the King.
p. 27. Note the lion and grifiin.
p. 28. Picture in text (Of the importance of religion to the
King). Christ throned in air, holding the tripartite globe and
blessing. On l. the King, robed, kneels and adores Him. Above
his head two angels. The lower holds out a folded robe, the one
above is nude. Possibly this represents the charity which the
King should exercise in clothing the naked. On r. stand three
boys in a row : the one in the middle has in each hand something
like a short piece of a garland of leaves or flowers, the end of
which is held by those on each side of him, so that the three seem
at first sight to be holding each other by the hand. These
also may be recipients of the King's charity. Above their heads
are three angels playing musical instruments.
In the initial, the King throned.
In the lower border the King on a white horse. A page
adjusts his spur or stirrup : another by the horse's head may be
holding the reins.
p. 36. Picture in text (Of the nobility of the King). The
King throned, with groups of subjects kneeling on r. and l.
Christ stooping out of a cloud above crowns him. On l. are
d
xxvi INTRODUCTION
three demi-angels, two playing fiddle and double pipe, the
lowest holding out a heart-shaped object: on r. four angels,
two with harp and lute, the next with a five-petalled flower (the
five wounds ?), the lowest with a cross.
p. 37. Initial : the King kneels to Christ, who is seated.
p. 42. The King throned: four bishops on l., four cour-
tiers on R. : two angels above.
p. 48. Picture in text. The King throned: on l. two
bishops and a barefooted suppliant : on r. two courtiers. The
text {de regis deliberacione) says that people of all estates will
bring petitions to the King.
Initial: the King throned.
p. 5 3 . Picture in text (Of the King's gratitude). The King
throned. On l. three mailed knights with lances looking up at
him. On r. a group of men holding out a piece of money (?),
a charter with seal dependent, a gold cup, a garment : below,
in fi'ont, a group of horses (one saddled) and a hound. These
represent the military service and the tribute of various kinds
which the King will receive and must repay becomingly.
With p. 57 begins a series of borders with bold grotesques
and other figures, in compartments.
p. 57 has King, bishop, fiddler, organ-player; also a butter-
fly at top. At bottom a scene : a barefooted churl in a
hooded robe gallops off" to r. on a dappled horse, carrying ofi*
a lady and brandishing a huge dart. She stretches out her arms
to a knight in armour on foot on l., who is, I suppose, to
rescue her.
p. 58. King seated with hawk on hand : lady seated with
pet squirrel : two men with bow and cross-bow shooting up-
wards : two knights, one squatting cross-legged, one opening
his visor.
PP- 59> ^o l^^ve only decorative borders.
p. 6 1 . Monkey and dancer : harper and piper : combat
of monsters.
p. 62. King seated : Queen standing : monkey : lute-
player: dancer.
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxvii
p. 63. Angels adoring the Holy Face : kneeling knight and
clerk : page holding caparisoned horse.
p. 65. Initial : Christ throned, blessing and holding the
tripartite globe : adoring figure in the margin on l.
Border : knight ; bust of bishop j stag ; dog as huntsman
with horn, bow and arrows ; hare, similarly equipped and
looking upwards at him ; combat of knight on horse and
churl sitting cross-legged on dragon's back.
p. 66. Two armed figures : monsters.
pp. 67, 68. Decorative only.
p. 69. King and Queen standing : hooded dwarf: combat
of knight and monster.
p. 70. Knight : St. Katherine with wheel and sword :
man in short cloak only, thrusting arm into lion's mouth and
brandishing sword : centaur thrusting sword into bear's mouth.
p. 7 1 . Dancer and man with hurdy-gurdy : triple-faced
man : nude bald man with sword fighting bear.
p. 72. King with glove : King with slender sceptre or
cross : monsters.
p. 73. Swan with cygnets on her back.
p. 74. Picture in text (Of the King's counsels, etc.). The
King throned, a bishop on l. speaking : two courtiers on r.
p. 75. King seated, in consternation : Queen stands gesti-
culating.
Spoonbill : stag-hunt at bottom.
p. 76. Monkey cHmbing tree to take a bird's nest : smaller
monkey below. Nude man with sword fighting dragon.
Monsters.
p. 77. Old and young King seated, each with sword, argu-
ing. Knight and bare-headed gentleman girt with sword.
p. 7 8 . King and Queen seated arguing ; he is cross-legged,
in an animated attitude. Man with bagpipe. At bottom,
the fable of the Unicorn : a crowned virgin sits on l. holding
up a mirror. The unicorn, couchant at her feet, turns his head
round to the huntsman on r., who pierces him with a spear.
p. 79. Young and old Kings sit arguing. At bottom, a
xxviii INTRODUCTION
lion attacks, from behind, an old bare-legged man on a dappled
horse, with dart and shield.
p. 80. Knight drawing his sword to attack a dragon. Old
man with crutch. Combat of monsters.
p. 81. Long-necked bird: man bending cross-bow and
holding the bolt in his mouth.
At bottom on L. a castle gate : a knight fighting a dragon
with human head and long tusks.
p. 82. Two youths in civilian dress arguing. At bottom,
two knights jousting.
p. 85. (Of the solaces of the King.) Picture in text in
two compartments. Above, the King throned ; his expression
is (unintentionally, I think) melancholy : on l. a bishop talks to
him : on r. two courtiers. Below, two men playing respectively
a harp (the lower end in its bag) and a stationary organ. In
the border are musicians : on l. (from top) they have double
pipe, fiddle, lute, drum, bagpipe ; on r. (from top), trumpet,
fiddle, pipe and tabor, rattle (?), and portable organ.
p. 86. At bottom, lion attacking a white horse from behind.
p. 87. Lady sits talking : hooded man seated, apparently
dismayed. At bottom, combat of two pairs of knights.
p. 8 8. Picture in text (Of the removal of avaricious persons,
etc., from the King's Court). The King throned in c. On
L. a man holding two bags of money. On r. a robed bearded
courtier looks at this latter and draws his sword : another
speaks to him.
In the border : a sciapous (a man with a single broad foot
which he holds up, lying on his back, to protect him against
the heat of the sun) ; a seated ape (?) wearing a lady's head-
dress ; a man seated calculating with an abacus ; one stand-
ing and speaking. At bottom, a male and female monster,
each covered with long hair.
p. 89. Initial : throned King.
Border : Queen and King standing. Monsters.
p. 90. Similar : Queen and King.
p. 9 1 . Monsters : combat of monsters.
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxix
p. 92. Picture in text (Of the King's providing for his
men-at-arms). The King, throned in c, holds in each hand
a charter with dependent seal. On r. and l. two men, one
standing and the other kneeling : they are beardless and robed :
the kneeling men take the charters.
Border : knights ; monsters. At bottom, unicorn fighting
with lion.
p. 93. Initial : Christ seated blessing and holding the tri-
partite globe.
p. 97. Monsters: savage (?). At bottom, elephant between
two trees.
p. 98. Monsters, one on stilts. At bottom, knight on
dappled horse tilting at a monster.
p. 99. Picture in text (Exposition of the letter of Alexan-
der). The King throned in c. under architecture. On l.
stands a philosopher speaking, holding a glove. On r. three
kneeling men in close hoods.
Initial : the King throned.
At bottom, a stag-hunt with three men and a dog : the stag's
neck is pierced by an arrow ; the man on r. has a long-handled
axe and is sounding a horn.
p. 100. Monster beating a metal vessel: hawk attacking
a duck. At bottom : on l. a fountain on a mound ; a duck
in air ; a lady beating a metal bowl to put up another duck ;
a hawk on the wing ; two ladies, one of whom has flown her
hawk, the other has hers on her hand.
p. 10 1. Monsters, one beating a drum.
p. 102. Picture in text (Of the moral virtues of the King).
The King throned in c. under architecture : on l. a bishop, on
r. a courtier.
Border : three women, one playing a fiddle. At bottom,
combat between a muzzled bear (?) and a monkey, mounted
on two curious animals.
p. 103. Mitred merman blowing a trumpet.
p. 1 04. A similar creature. At bottom, a nude bald man
with shield and spear attacking a lion.
XXX INTRODUCTION
p. 105. Peacock and rabbit.
p. 106. Combat between lion and lioness (?).
p. 107. Ostrich (hoofed) with horseshoe in its beak. Two
griffins.
p. 108. Spotted beast with broad tail. At bottom, a man
putting a ferret into a rabbit-hole in a mound. Three rabbits
look out of other holes : there is a net with posts on the
mound.
p. 109. Goldfinch: busts of bishops : eagle: naked one-
legged man. At bottom, centaur shooting at a snail.
p. no. Grotesque man with hatchet: stork: monster
walking with trestles. At bottom, a monkey pulling the tail
of a dog-headed monster.
p. III. Butterfly : dog : hare playing double pipe.
p. 112. Busts.
p. 113. Monkey and leopard.
p. 115. Picture in text (Of the mercy of the King). The
King throned in c. : on either side a robed man presents two
kneeling prisoners. Of those on l. it is seen that the wrist of
one and the ankles of the other are bound apparently with
ropes : of those on r., who are almost naked, one has both
wrists and ankles bound. At the sides are two gaolers with
maces.
Initial : the King throned. At bottom, angels and shields.
p. 116. Combat of monsters.
p. 117. Monkey with hood. Elephant and castle.
pp. 118, 119. Full-page pictures of a battle. In front lie
headless trunks, one of which is being stripped by a camp-
follower, heads, swords, and gauntlets. Spaces have been ruled
off at top and bottom of each page, and those at top are filled
with bands of ornament. These pictures are by the artist of
pp. I— 10, and so is the work that follows.
p. 120. Picture in text (Of the King's wars, etc.). The
King crowned and armed on horseback in the midst of a group
of eight men, six of whom are knights, the remaining two
civilians in close caps, whom the King addresses.
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxxi
In the initial, the Holy Face.
At bottom a combat of two pairs of knights : a lady in
a tower on l.
p. 121. Two knights, one in close cap, his helmet off,
seated in a chair. Two ladies in towers. At bottom, a com-
bat of four knights.
p. 122. Two knights jousting.
p. 123. Similar.
p. 124. Two knights at the sides. At bottom, the King
on horseback and another fight two knights on r.
p. 125. Busts of bishops. Two knights, one in a tall
helmet which, seen sideways, is of the form of a cocked hat.
This type occurs again on pp. 146, 150, 151, where its
central ridge is plainly seen : on p. 1 5 1 it is visored.
At bottom, two knights fighting with swords on horseback ;
a third on r. on a horse, in helmet as above.
p. 126. Busts and monsters.
p. 127. At bottom, a white horse kicking a bear. Pro-
bably an illustration of a story of the bear being told by the
fox that he would find some precious remedy under the horse's
tail.
p. 128. Man and woman masquerading as beasts, covered
with long hair.
p. 129. Two round turrets on l. : in one is a door, in the
side of the other a lion's head out of which flows a stream of
water. A duck is rising out of the stream, and a man is
shooting it at close quarters : a tree on r.
p. 130. A visored helmet: a knight. At bottom, four
knights on foot fighting : two of them are being pierced with
swords J one has a mace.
p. 131. Weasel (?) : two mermaids. At bottom, on l., two
knights with sword and mace are about to kill a third : two
more on r. fight wdth swords. All are on foot.
p. 132. Two knights, one drawing a sword : a mermaid
with a mirror.
At bottom, on L., a tall tower entirely covered with spikes —
xxxii INTRODUCTION
chevaux de frise. At the top emerges the figure of the King,
beardless. In an arched opening at the bottom stands a knight
with a shield.
On R. is a castle with portculUsed gates.
p. 133. Three knights, one drawing a sword.
At bottom, a catapult. A knight on r. at a windlass has
just released the catch, and the rope of the windlass is flying
free. The knight has a sort of mace.
p. 1 34. At bottom, on l., the King and a knight on horse-
back. The King addresses three knights who stand in a row
on R.
p. 135. A knight and three monsters. At bottom, the
King on horseback on l., attended by two knights, rides at and
pierces with his lance the King of Scotland, who fells back-
wards. He and his four knights are on foot.
p. 136. Monsters and a hare. At bottom, on l., a castle
with two knights, one with shield, the other (at top) with cross-
bow. In c. a great arbalest carrying a large dart aimed at the
door of the castle is being wound up by means of a windlass
or capstan by a knight on r. Another, behind him, receives
an arrow in his shield.
p. 137. A cockatrice. A pelican in her piety.
At bottom, on l., a castle : out of it bend two knights with
shields. One tries to cut with a large falchion the cord of an
arbalest which is being wound up by a knight on r.
p. 138. Dog-headed monster.
p. 139. Two knights. Shields.
p. 140. Angel and shields. Two knights, one with the
shield of England.
At bottom : on L. a two-storied tower with two arched
doors. In c. a cannon in the form of a large metal bottle rest-
ing on a table with trestle-legs. Out of its mouth comes a dart
(said to have been originally tipped with fire which has flaked
off). The dart is aimed at the door of the tower. A knight
on R. is holding to the touch-hole on the upper side of the
body of the cannon a match, which is fixed in the end of a
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxxiii
curved stick. For a similar picture see Holkham MS.,
f. 44 h.
p. 141. Blank, ruled for writing, p. 142 blank.
pp. 143 sqq. are occupied by a series of outline drawings
in plain frames occupying the whole page. They are by the
same artist as pp. i-io and the latter part of the MS.
p. 143 represents a castle with the approach defended by
battlemented walls : one armed knight is in the gate, and another
within the battlemented wall of the inner bailey. The keep
has a domed lead roof.
pp. 144, 145 form a single composition. On p. 144 two
knights are propelHng by means of staves a wooden tower on
four solid wheels, to the front of which is hinged a platform,
to be let down by pulleys at the top. The top of the tower
is conical, wdth chevaux de frise. Within it are five knights.
On p. 145 is the fort, roughly circular, which they are
attacking. It is on a rock with steps leading up to the port-
cullised gate. It consists of two main stories. Three knights
are seen in it, two in the lower story and one at the top.
p. 146. A fort in two stories, attacked by a force. Two
scaling ladders are planted against it on l. and r. The knight
on the L. one has a mace, and the other a sword. They are
engaging two knights, and the one on r. is kilUng his man.
The only other of the besieged, in c, is thrusting down with
a spear at an assailant below, who receives it on his shield. Of
the other assailants, one on l. is driving in a wedge with a mallet
to support the ladder; the other is winding up a cross-bow.
p. 147. A machine for throwing Greek fire : it consists of
four arms arranged like the sails of a windmill, revolving on a
pivot supported by an upright. It is made to revolve by a rope
on a capstan and a counterpoise. This is being worked by a
knight on r. In the end of each arm of the machine is a bowl-
Hke receptacle : in three of these is a flaming substance ; that
in the fourth is being lighted with a torch by a knight on l.
pp. 148, 149 form a single composition — a device for throw-
ing hives of bees into a fortress. On p. 148 is the machine, a
e
xxxiv INTRODUCTION
four-sailed windmill on an upright, which has a little shelter
on the top with a conical roof. On each sail is placed a bee-
hive. A knight is engaged in placing one on the sail nearest
to him on r., and holds a fifth in his l. hand.
On p. 149 we see the result. There is a fort with outer
bailey and keep ; a knight in the gate with a large shield. An-
other in the door of the keep, with a cross-bow. A third on l.
throwing a stone, a beehive in the air above him and bees
about him. On r. a knight with a sling, also attacked by
a bee.
p. 150. A fortress of the same type. In it, on r. and l.,
are two knights, each throwing a stone down on the assailants,
of whom there are four. Those on r. and l. are holding their
shields over the other two, who are digging (mining the wall)
with pickaxes.
p. 1 5 1 . A single figure — very well drawn — of a knight in
large visored helmet aiming to l. a missile fi-om a large cross-bow.
The missile appears to consist of a square flat box containing
fire, which is to be propelled by a dart behind it.
pp. 152, 153 form a single composition. On p. 152 three
knights are about to lower by means of a rope a broad platform
consisting of wattle-work with transverse planks at intervals :
the lower end rests on two solid wheels. An upright shaft
on L. has a pulley at top with a rope running to the upper end
of the platform.
On p. 153 is the fort against which the scaling platform is
to be placed. It is as usual of two stories. On the wall is a
knight with a large axe prepared to smash the platform : in the
door of the keep is another with a cross-bow.
pp. 154, 155 form a single composition. On p. 154 is a
walled tower, roughly circular, with three main buildings inside
it. Above it in the air is a fish-shaped kite, flown horizontally,
firom which depends by some sort of chain a contrivance which
is letting fell a fire-ball. The rope of the kite goes over into
P' 15 5> where it is held, evidently with some exertion, by three
knights. On the l. of this page is an upright with a pulley at
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxxv
the top, under which, perhaps, the rope of the kite should pass;
but it is not in use.
p. 156. A knight on l. is winding up a ballista loaded
with a round stone. The head is held back by a rope passing
over a pulley on an upright on l. The ballista is on a frame
of two uprights, travelling on two solid wheels. The up-
rights are connected by two horizontal strands of twisted
rope in which the lower end of the ballista is inserted; the
upper one of these is being wound up by means of a four-
handled capstan.
The picture which has attracted most attention in the Christ
Church MS. is naturally that of the cannon on p. 140. This
and the corresponding one in the Holkham MS., f. 44^ (the
latter, so far as I know, not having been hitherto noticed), rank
at present as the earliest extant representations of cannons.
They are especially interesting in that they can be dated to
a year — 1326.
Sir G. F. Warner has kindly procured for me the loan of
certain notices relating to the Christ Church picture.
A reproduction of it appeared in the illustrated edition of
Social England {\ (^02 : vol. ii, p. 246).
In 1905 Hime, in the Proceedings of the Royal Artillery
Institute (no. 12, vol. xxxi, p. 489), gave an outline illustration,
and cited an entry from the first volume of the commercial
records of Ghent, in which, after a list of the municipal officers
for the year 1 3 1 3, is this note :
*Item in dit jaer was aldereest ghevonden in deutschlandt het
ghebruik der bussen van eenen mueninck.'
(Item, in this year was first invented in Germany the use of
cannon, by a monk.)
The first volume of the commercial records of Ghent has
in 1 3 14 several entries of * bussen met kruyt' (cannon with
powder) dispatched to England.
The Christ Church cannon, says Hime, is probably one of the
very bussen which were got from Flanders in 13 14.
xxxvi INTRODUCTION
Oskar Guttmann wrote on the subject in the Journal of the
Chemical Society {^wnc 15, 1904).
In the Kynoch Journal (vol. vii, no. 36, Oct.-Dec. 1906,
p. 168) Professor "Sir A. G. Greenhill, F.R.S., described the
picture. An incendiary arrow is being fired : a flake of red
colour, meant to represent the fire on the head of the arrow,
has fellen off. The knight holds a cleft stick with a match,
and the priming is represented as fired, but the cross feathers
of the arrow have not left the muzzle, so no blast of powder is
visible.
In 1905 M. Victor v. der Haeghen, the city archivist of
Ghent, threw doubt on the genuineness of the document cited
by Hime. Sir A. Greenhill had examined, not the original
vellum book, but a paper transcript of later date. The celebrated
felsificator Delbecq might, it was thought, have had a hand in
the fabrication of it.
In the Kynoch Journal for Apr.-June, 1907 (vol. viii, no.
38, p. 75), Guttmann again threw doubt on the Ghent note.
According to a letter to him from M. Rohren, Chief of the
Department of General Archives, it is only in one of the manu-
scripts, which belonged to M. de S. Genois, that we find in the
year 1393 (not 13 13) this note;
* 1393. In dit jaer is ghevonden het ghebruick van het
buscruit (gunpowder) in Duytslant van eenen mueninck'
{Memorialbook der stad Gent. 1301— 1727; Gent, Armoot-
Braeekman, 1852, pt. i, bl. 126). And, says M. Rohren,
* with regard to the degree of veracity which can be attributed
to the annotations in these manuscripts, which were generally
(i.e. for the most part) written in the sixteenth century, it is
nearly nil^ the compilations added after the list (of magistrates,
etc.) having a very fantastic character.'
In the same volume (p. 78) Sir A. Greenhill replies to this
article and says : * I can understand how the celebrated entry of
1 3 1 3 came to be overlooked, as the Ghent librarian was on the
point of shutting up the book after a search under 1393 as
well as 1 3 1 3 , when my eye caught a phrase in the middle of
THE CHRIST CHURCH MANUSCRIPT xxxvii
the text, which turned out to be our phrase, Item in dit jaer,
etc. . . . To settle the matter conclusively, some one else must
make an independent examination. The phrase was written
in the same hand as the rest of the transcript, and not apart as
a separate note.'
I have thought it worth while to give these extracts, though
the question of the genuineness of the Ghent entry is not strictly
relevant to our subject.
As to the condition and writing of the manuscript, it may
be remarked that the writing is uniform throughout, save on
pp. 1 1 6, 117, where it is possibly by a different hand, and
certainly much more contracted. Mistakes are fairly frequent,
and have not always been corrected. Some of the corrections
may be due to the hand of the author, e. g. the Dupe and the
nuper on p. 19. The only noticeable abbreviation is 9. capital
•N- for enim.
The condition is excellent. In six cases (on pp. 28, 53, 85,
92, 99, 118) the (blue) silk guards of the pictures have sur-
vived. One leaf (in quire 5) has been lost ; as was noted above,
it was perhaps purposely removed.
I'he Holkham Manuscript
This manuscript, no. 458 in the library of the Earl of
Leicester at Holkham Hall, measures 9 J inches by 6| (mm.
242 X 160), and contains 76 leaves, with 26 lines of text to
a full page.
The binding is of black leather of the end of cent. xvii. The
crest of .Coke has been stamped upon it at a later date.
It contains the book-plate of *Cary Coke wife of Edward
Coke of Norfolk Esq*^^ 1701 '. On the fly-leaf are the names
of «Mr. Wi^(?) Coke' and <C. Coke 122'.
The collation is as follows: i*^ (wants 6) 2^ 3^ (wants i,
6, 7) 4^ 5^ (wants 4, 5, and 8 (?) cancelled) 6^ 7* (wants 2, 7),
8^ (wants 6) 9® 10^ ii^
Contents :
f. i.a. Hie incipiunt Rubricae capitulo/rum Hbri de secretis
secretorum/summi philosophi aristotilis/ad peticionem et usum
illustris/simi regis alexandri editi. De modo se / habendi in
regimine suorum et sui ut con/questor fieret orbis universi
{line-filling. /
Prologus translatoris de lingua, arabica / in latinam missus
episcopo tropolis ciuitatis/.
Commendatio quedam de moribus phi/losophi aristotilis
{line-filling. /
Relatio iohannis translatoris qui trans/tulit librum philo-
sophi aristotilis de lin/gua greca in caldeam et de caldea in
arabicam/(f. ib) ad preceptum regis arabie, etc.
The chapter-numbers are added in the margin in an old
hand, probably of cent, xv, beginning with ix (de regis largi-
tate, etc.). They run to ci. The last are :
De tribus medicinis inestimabilis uirtutis ad regeam digni-
tatem pertinentibus (Ixxxxviij).
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT xxxix
De prima medicina (Ixxxxviiij).
De secunda medicina (c).
De tertia medicina (ci).
There is room for eight more Hnes of text on f. 5« : and
f. 5^ is blank,
(i) £. 6a. The Prologus trans latoris^ beginning :
Domino suo excellentissimo in cultu religionis christiane
strenuissimo Guydoni uiro de ualencia ciuitatis tropolis
glorioso pontifici Philippus suorum minimus clericorum
se ipsum et fidele deuocionis obsequium.
Quantum luna ceteris stelHs est lucidior
ending : ad eterna beatitudinis gaudia feliciter peruenire.
(2) 8<2. Commendacio quedam^ etc.
Deus omnipotens custodiat regem nostrum gloriam cre-
dentium ...
ending : que sibi auderet resistere in facto uel in dicto.
(3) 9«. Relatio lohannis translatoris^ etc.
lohannes qui transtuHt Hbrum istum fiHus patricii . . .
ending : direxit epistolam suam ad aristotilem sub hac forma.
(4) 9^. Epistola regis Alexandri missa aristotili philosopho.
Rubrica.
10 a. O doctor egregie rector iusticie . . .
ending : nobis significa tuis scriptis.
(5) 10 a. Eipistola remissiua philosophi Ar. ad reg. Alex.
Cui aristotiles sic respondit. Si potes mutare ipsam terram
. . . pacifice cum triumpho. Alexander igitur accepta
sua epistola adimpleuit suum consilium diligenter. Et
erant perses magis obedientes suo imperio quam omnes
aUe nationes.
(6) \Q>b. Epistola philosophi Ar. ad Alex, regem magnifi-
cum.
O Alexander fili gloriosissime.
The text continues with many gaps to 76 4 on which is
the rubric of chapter 93 (qua hora rex syrupum sanaticum
sumere debet), and the text, ending imperfectly : sapiens quidem
arist//mones bonum uinum mira(c^/c/^-'ze;or</)biliter.
xl INTRODUCTION
The decoration, which will be described in fuller detail, is
incomplete. It runs thus : i. la has full border and picture ;
I ^-5,^, full borders ; 6 a, border and picture ; 6^-18^, borders
and sixteen pictures ; i g, no border, two pictures ; 20a, border
and picture ; 2 o*^, no border, one picture ; 2 1 <3r- 2 5 <$, no borders,
seven pictures ; 2 5 <$, unfinished border, one picture ; 2 6 sqq.,
no borders, two pictures ; 28, partial border, one picture; 30^,
partial border, one picture ; 30*^, one picture ; 32^, border ;
32^-39^, eleven pictures ; 40 ^-44 <^, full borders (only the first
finished), three pictures (one finished) ; 45^-67^, twenty-five
pictures j 6 8 ^, a pen-sketch of a border ; 69-7 6 ^, ten pictures
unfinished.
It is difficult to determine with certainty the number of artists
who have been employed on the manuscript. In consultation
with Mr. Cockerell I have drawn up the following scheme,
which is very much subject to correction :
S. i-s Artist I
6-13 . n
14-18 akin to I III
19, 20 IV
21-24 inferior V
25-27 IV
28-31 IV?
32a II ?
3 2 i-2 9 ^ inferior VI
40-44 I ?
45-52 VI
53-60 IV
61-68 VII ?
69-76 VIII ?
The work of artists I-III can be difFerentiated by their
drawing of the Hons in the shields.
Two of these artists (I and III) were, in Mr. Cockerell's
opinion, employed on the Christ Church MS. I is identical
with artist II of that manuscript : II with artist IV.
The improbability of so many as eight artists having been
employed on a single book is at first sight considerable. It
should, however, be remembered that, in the first place, the book
was in all likelihood made in London, where a large number
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT xli
of professional illuminators lived; and, in the second place,
that the volume was evidently being prepared in great haste.
Consequently the work would be given to whoever was avail-
able at the moment : and in the end we see that it was offered
to the young King before the decoration was nearly finished.
A glance at the facsimile of f. 2\b will show that some of the
illuminators employed were very poor performers. On the other
hand, the best work in the Holkham book is quite as good as
any in the Christ Church MS.
I now give a detailed description of the decorated pages of
the Holkham MS.
{. \a (fees.). Full solid border: ground mainly gold of
rather poor quality. In it, at top, two angels hold shield of
England : there is a spot of blue on it, probably a set-off from
another painting. In the r. border, besides foliage, are a lion
under an oak-tree ; a stag seiant by a tree ; a long-tailed short-
eared reddish beast under a tree, looking round to l. ; a warrior
under a trefoiled arch, girt with sword, holding spear ; in surcoat
of England with traces of a label azure.
At bottom, two shields : England and England with label
of five points azure (for the heir-apparent).
The picture, bordered with squares of red and blue, patterned.
The ground for the r. two-thirds is lozengy of gold with four-
petalled flowers, and fleurs-de-lys seemingly or on azure. The
L. third is plain gold. On l. is a seated bearded king (Alexan-
der) under trefoiled arch, robed in blue over vermilion, holding a
sceptre. On r. a seated philosopher (Aristotle) in pink robe over
vermilion, bearded, with hand to fe.ce, holding a blank scroll.
Out of the seat on which he sits rises a desk with curved stem, on
which is an open book. Between these two figures, on a lower
seat, is a youth in pale blue writing on a scroll on his knee,
feeing L.
f. \b. Border: general scheme, bays of pattern with
medallions in square framed projections. One of the bays has
displayed eagles, or on azure. The medallions contain cock,
xlii INTRODUCTION
dog, cat, grotesque beasts, four-legged, with beak, etc. The
lower border has two shields : l. France ; r. England (dexter)
impaled with France.
f. 2 a. Narrower border. Bays of pattern with various ex-
crescences.
Shields (blue ground) : England.
f. 2 b. Similar border : containing round buds and fleurs-
de-lys.
Shields (blue foliage on gold ground : small red lion ram-
pant in c.) : England with label of five points argent-, England
with bordure argent — for Thomas (of Brotherton) Earl of
Norfolk, and Thomas (of Woodstock) Earl of Kent, sons
of Edward I.
f. 3^. Similar border : shields (gold ground): England.
f. 3 b. Similar border : shields (pink ground : between them
a female bust in white in a quatrefoil) : France ; England and
France per pale.
i. \a (facs.). Two monsters at top : six busts in medallions
in the border, mainly in white on gold ground, l. fi-om top :
I, with copious hair J 2, in close cap; 3, mitred bishop, r. :
I, 2, women; 3, beardless man.
Shields (blue ground) : England.
£ \b, Quatrefoils with buds on gold ground.
Shields (gold ground) : England ; England with bordure
argent.
f. ^a. Birds and fleurs-de-lys in border.
Shields (gold and blue ground) : England ; England with
label of five points azure.
f. 5^. Blank.
i. ba (fees.). Side borders of quatrefoils joined by narrow
patterned bands. The quatrefoils mostly have gold grounds,
and contain beasts, birds, and grotesques, l. fi"om top: i,
monster; 2, blue dragon; 3, blue lion. r. : i, lion seiant; 2,
red dog(?) ; 3, owl; 4, elephant.
The top border is formed by two monsters playing fiddle
and harp.
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT
xliii
At bottom : rabbit (l.) looking at red dog (r.) with squirrel- tail.
Shields (smaller than on the previous pages) as on 5 a.
Picture (Prologus translatoris) : gold ground with incised
flourishing. In the l. third of the space, under trefoiled arch,
the Bishop of Tripolis sits lacing r. in pale brown chasuble
lined with green, over white. He has mitre and crosier, and
is beardless. On r. in a square bordered with cusps (blue) is
Aristotle, bearded, in a Jew's cap, wearing a blue chasuble over
pale brown. He gives a sealed letter to a kneeling messenger
on L. in vermilion, who has a javeHn.
Initial: Alexander, bearded, with a sceptre tipped with a
fleur-de-lys, seated feeing r.
f. 6 b. Border : monsters at top. Shields : France ; England
and France impaled.
f. 7 a. Border : monsters at top. Shields : England with
baton azure (for Henry of Lancaster as Earl of Monmouth) ;
England with label of five points azure charged with fleurs-
de-lys (for the same as Earl of Lancaster).
f. 7 b. The upper part of the l. border and the top border
are formed by the figure of a trumpeter, in a barred gown of
gold and vermilion, standing on a lion and blowing a long
trumpet with a banneret of the arms of England with label of
five points azure.
Shields: England with label of five points azure; England
bordured argent.
f. 8 a. At top, monsters fighting : birds in r. border. The
borders are narrow and cusped.
Shields : England ; England vnth label of five points azure.
Picture {^Commendatio Aristotelis). Gold frame: ground
lozenges vdth Hons' heads in gold on pink, divided by broad
gold bars. On l. Aristotle, seated, in blue mantle Hned with
for, over vermilion. The book on his desk is inscribed
de
us
re
xs
lor
se
xliv INTRODUCTION
f. 8 b. At top, stag and dog, a gold flower between them.
Shields : France ; England and France impaled.
f. 9« (fees.). At top, monsters. In r. border, in a quatre-
foil, shield of England with label of five points azure. Below,
under trefoiled arch, a mailed knight with spear standing on a
curled-up lion : he has surcoat of the shield above. The ground
is blue, patterned.
Shields : England ; England with label of five points azure.
Picture {Relatio lohannis translator is). Alexander seated on
L. A messenger in vermiHon with javeHn kneels in c. feeing r.
On R. Aristotle holds an open letter with green seal dependent.
f. 9 B. At bottom of l. border in a panel an angel play-
ing a fiddle. On r. a wingless figure with stringed instrument
and plectrum. At top, monsters.
Shields : France ; England and France impaled.
f. loa. Shields: England; England with label {ut supra).
Two pictures with gold grounds, patterned:
1 . Epistola regis Alexandri missa Aristotili. On l. Alexan-
der, seated, holds an open letter. A messenger kneels feeing
him. Aristotle on r. in blue robe over pink.
2 . Epistola remissiua Aristotilis ad Alex. Aristotle sits on
L. holding open letter: messenger kneels to receive it.
f. \ob. At top, shield of England with label, in quatrefoil
held by two angels.
At bottom, three quatrefoils: i (l.), man draws bow; 2,
couchant stag; 3, couchant goat.
Shields : England ; England with label.
VictuTC (Epistola Arist. ad Alex. alexander Jilt). Gold
ground, patterned. Alexander seated on l. with sceptre. Mes-
senger with javelin kneels to give him a book bound in green.
On the messenger's girdle is a small shield with a label of three
points azure. Aristotle stands on r.
£ \\a. At top, a grotesque with two trumpets.
At top of L. border a man with pipe and tabor standing on
a grotesque helmeted head.
At bottom : a bust, white on gold, in a quatrefoil.
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT xlv
Shields: England with label of five points argent \ England
bordured argent,
f. 11^. At top, two monsters : between them a book, white
on gold, in quatrefoil.
Shields : England ; England and France impaled.
f. 1.2 a. At top, griffin and red ox: ornament between them.
At the sides, square projecting panels with daisy buds and white
lion couchant.
Shields : England ; England with label.
Picture {De regibus et eorum prudenciis in dominio, Opor-
tet itaque). Ground, the r. half salmon-colour, the l. hAi azure
in squares edged with white dots, a gold quatrefoil in each
square. On l. Alexander seated with sceptre, cross-legged, in
yellow robe over red. Aristotle on r. speaks : he wears cap and
blue robe lined with ermine, over yellow. Trefoiled arch above:
fi"ame mainly of gold lozenges.
f. \2b. At top, two dragons. Shields : England with
baton azure ; England with label of five points azure^ charged
vsdth fleurs-de-lys.
f. i3« (fees.). At top, two lions: between them a bust,
white on red, in a quatrefoil.
At bottom : a dog and rabbit. Shields : England; England
with label.
Picture {De regibus et modis eorum circa largitatem et aua-
riciam. Reges sunt quattuor). Ground gold with patterns.
Alexander, in yellow robe over red, seated on l. Aristotle
speaks : behind him an attendant in red carries two gold cups,
one of which has a cover. The forepart of a white ox is seen
on R.
f. 13^. At top, two half-length figures support a shield in
quatrefoil of England with label. On l. a bust in white on
gold in a quatrefoil.
Shields : England with label of five points argent-^ England
bordured argent. A rabbit in lower border.
f. i^a (fees.). Solid border. The top bar has two half-
length angels supporting the shield of the Passion : sab/e, a
xlvi INTRODUCTION
cross vert with lance per bend sinister: quarterly, i,? nails;
2, crown of thorns; 3, reed and sponge; 4, two scourges.
On R. five busts alternating with square panels of ornament.
At bottom, in c, a mitred grotesque. Shields : France ; Eng-
land and France impaled.
\\b (facs.). At top, pink lion and red ox. The border on
L. and at bottom is solid. On l. on gold ground, on a level
with the picture in the text, is Aristotle seated under trefoiled
arch, facing r.
Below, a spotted wolf (?) biting his own leg. A bust, white
on gold, in quatrefoil.
On R. two quatrefoils with four leopards' heads or on gules.
At bottom, in c. under trefoiled arch, on gold ground, a
mailed knight girt with sword and holding spear, in surcoat of
England.
Shields : England ; England with label.
Picture {J^e Jinali intentione quam debet rex habere^ et eo
quodjinaliter appetendum est in regimine). Gold ground, pat-
terned. Alexander sits on l. An angel in white hy him plucks
his robe and draws his attention to three mailed knights, the
foremost of whom, in red surcoat, speaks : no. 2 has blue sur-
coat with gold lion : no. 3, red surcoat: 2 and 3 are girt with
swords.
f. I5«. At top, two monsters. Shields: both England.
Between them four lions' masks or on azure.
f. 15 ^ (fees.). At top, a pink Hon and a red spotted beast.
In c. a Paschal Lamb and flag in white on gold, in a quatre-
foil.
On L. on gold ground under trefoiled arch a mailed youth
in surcoat of England with a hawk on his l. hand, which feeds
from his r. hand.
Shields: both England: between them a brown wolf(?)
facing L.
Picture {De malts que sequuntur ex carnali regis appetitu).
Gold ground patterned, under three trefoiled arches. On l.
Aristotle, facing r., speaks. Alexander seated facing r. A
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT xlvii
crowned queen in blue robe over red, attended by a small girl
in red, speaks to him. On r. a crowned prince, beardless, in
dull pink over dull blue robe, speaks.
{. i6a (fees.). At top, two figures support a quatrefoil with
four leopards' or lions' masks on gold. On r., low down, a
knight in surcoat of England, with sword and spear, on gold
ground under trefoiled arch, below which is a base formed of
three female figures. On l. are three lions' heads in quatrefoils.
Shields: England; England with label: between them a
creature with four legs and three faces blowing two trumpets.
Picture {Dejinali intentione quam debent quantum adse reges
habere). Ground : lozenges of pink and blue, with a gold fleur-
de-lys in each, separated by gold bars. On l. Alexander sits
cross-legged : two messengers with javelins kneel. On r. Aris-
totle seated.
f. 1 6^ (facs.). At top, two figures (one an angel) with guitar
and fiddle. On l. bust of a praying man, in a lozenge.
Shields : England; England vvdth label : betwen them a mer-
maid holding two fishes.
Picture {De regis religione). Gold ground, patterned. In
a mandorla, cusped within, and of a bluish colour, supported by
two half-length angels at the sides, is Christ seated blessing,
holding the tripartite globe. At bottom on l. kneels a beard-
less king, crowned, in surcoat of England : on r. a crowned
queen in red over blue. Facing the king sits the nimbed
Hon of St. Mark, winged : facing the queen, St. Luke's white
ox. The man and eagle are not figured.
f. 1 7 <7. At top, two monsters, one with the bearded head
of an old man. On r. a knight in red surcoat. Shields:
England ; England with baton azure : between them a
monster.
Pictures. De regis sapiencia. Ground chequer of blue,
patterned, and gold. King seated on l. : facing him, two
bishops, then two warriors, and then a philosopher.
De regis prouidencia. Ground a larger chequer of gold and
blue with silver stars. At l. a king sits with hand to face :
xlviii
INTRODUCTION
On R. sits Aristotle with
two warriors with spears kneel,
hand to fiice and book on desk.
f. 17^ (facs.). At top, two monsters support a chess-board
with four rows of four squares coloured red and green.
white
white
pawn
pawn
white
castle
yellow
knight
white
knight
yellow
knight
white
castle
yellow
pawn
white
pawn
yellow
Shields : England; England with label : between them a stag
couchant.
c. 16. Picture {De regis ornamento). Gold ground. The
King sits on l. Three knights kneel to him, each with a piece
of vair over his arm. Behind are two uprights supporting two
rows of pieces or garments of vair, in red and pink.
f. 1 8 «. At top, two monsters : that on l. plays with a stick
on a basin (? j balanced on a stick : the other has a harp. On
R. a monster in a panel.
Shields as £ 17 6.
c. 21. Picture {De regis castitate). Ground a chequer of
gold and dark red with pattern. On l. Aristotle stands speak-
ing, and holds the hand of the King, seated full-face in c. in
yellow robe lined with vair over vermilion. On r. are three
girls.
£ 1 8 <$ (facs.). At top, two monsters : that on l. has an organ
with silver pipes; the blower's head is seen: the other has a
fiddle : between them the arms of England in quatrefoil.
Shields as £ 17^: bust in quatrefoil in c.
c. 22. Picture {J)e regis solacid). Ground chequer half
red and gold, half blue and gold. The King seated. Two
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT xlix
beardless men sit by him on l. On r. four musicians : i stands
with pipe and tabor; 2 sits playing a harp; 3 and 4 stand
blowing long trumpets with bannerets of the arms of England.
c. 23. £. iga. No border. Picture [De regis curialitate).
Ground chequer of red, patterned, and gold. The King throned
in c. Two courtiers stand on each side of him (four in all).
In front, on l. kneel two men, on r. one : all are beardless
except the King.
The hair is coloured : the shading of drapery delicate : two
blues, two reds, and a pink are used.
c. 24. f. 19^ (facs.). Picture {De regis vigore et conti-
nencid). Gold ground, dotted. The King throned in c. On
L. stand two bishops in mitres and copes. ' On r. two beardless
courtiers. On l., by the bishops, are an eagle and a lion sitting
on the ground.
i. zoa (fees.). Border unfinished. Some panels of orna-
ment are done; in others, the ground only is coloured, and
lines have been badly drawn on it by a later hand.
At top, a monster fights a dragon. On r. is a panel with a
knight : his shield is gules ^ a. bordure sal/e engrailed, and a cross
of the second.
Shields : one is left blank ; fleurs-de-lys have been scribbled
on it in ink : the other plain gu/es with traces of a quarterly
division.
At the bottom of this page is an original note : * in hiis
duobus xix.'
c. 25. Picture (De regis subiectione). Gold ground. A
beardless king throned in c. On l. two bishops supplicate
him : on r. two courtiers speak : a small youth in the foreground
in blue.
c. 26. f. 20^ Picture {De regis similitudine). Ground
lozengy of gold and azure with fleurs-de-lys argent. The
King throned on l. Aristotle, in pink, on r., speaks, and points
upward to a blue-grey cloud which runs along the top.
c. 27. f. 21^ (facs.). Picture {De regis misericordia).
An inferior artist who has no skill in outline : his colours are
g
1 INTRODUCTION
bright and light : he employs a bad violet. The eyes of his
figures are beady. Ground on l. gold, on r. blue with white
pattern. The King sits on r. Aristotle in black cap presents
a kneehng figure in brown.
c. 28. £22^. Victurc {De regis prouidencia ante aduentum
caristie). Gold ground, patterned. The King sits on r. Aristotle
in c. On l. a building: in the door is seen a man emptying
a sack into a barrel.
c. 29. f. 22 ^. Picture {De regis pietate). Ground on l.
gold, on R. blue, with white fleurs-de-lys. The King, seated on
R., bends towards a bearded kneeling man in brown presented
by Aristotle in dark blue and scarlet.
c. 30. f. 2 3<^. Picture {De regis memorid). Ground gold,
and red with white pattern. The King sits on l. Aristotle
speaks on l.
c. 3 1 . £23^. Picture {De regis iuramento et fide ser-
uandd). Ground as £ 2 2 b. King sits on r. Aristotle takes his
hand : another philosopher on l.
c. 32. £24^. Picture [De regis com fancid). Gold ground
with lines. The king stands on r. with sceptre. Aristotle speaks.
c. 33. £ 25^. Picture {De studio per regem promouendo).
By the fourth artist. Gold ground with Hues. The King throned
in c, Aristotle stands on l. On r. four beardless youths kneel,
each holding an open book.
£25^ (fees.), Border unfinished. Only the middle of the
lower portion is completed; the shields are left blank. In
the L. border one figure (of a king?) is sketched. There are
monsters at the top,
c. 34. Picture {De regis confidencia in muliere non ponendd).
Gold ground, dotted, Aristotle on l., warning the King, who
stands next. A crowned queen speaks to him: two youths
and two women attend her on r.
c. 35. i, 26a, Picture [De dolo mulieris a rege cauendo).
Gold ground. On l. Aristotle sits by the throned King. On
R. two men kneel, holding up covered cups. Above them a man
and woman speaking.
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT
li
c. 36. £ 26^. Picture (De descripcione mulieris quam
decet regem accipere in uxor em). Gold ground, dotted. The
King sits on l., Aristotle stands by him. A lady in pink with
red head-dress is introduced by two bishops and two other men.
f. 28^ (fees.). Partial border of ornament.
c. 37. Picture {De regali iusticia omnibus tribuenda et
eius effectu). Gold ground. The King in purple robe on a chair
on L. Aristotle in c. speaks. Behind him to r. are knights in
mail and blue and pink surcoats : each has a sword.
After f. 29 is a gap.
c. 41. f. 3o<3r. Picture {Quod habeat rex quinque con-
siliarios circa sejideles^ etc.). Aristotle on l. Then the King
throned in purple robe with green lining over dark red : he
has a sceptre; his hand is raised, his legs crossed. Then two
bishops with crosiers, one pointing to three men on r. in plain
robes.
c. 42. f. 31^ (fees.). Partial border. Picture {Quod rex
potest cognoscere naturalem inclinacionem generati per horam et
constellationem genitt). In three compartments :
1 . Gold ground, dotted. The King throned, ftiU fece, be-
tween two standing philosophers, each of whom points up to a
band of cloud above, in which are seven flaming stars (planets).
2. A queen reclining holds a swaddled child; a nurse at
her feet on r. Curtains.
3. A woman reclining holds a swaddled child. In front
a ladder, vertical. A humble cottage is indicated.
f. 3 2 <3r. Border perhaps by the first hand. It has panels
of lions and fleurs-de-lys on red and blue. Monsters at top.
Shields of England and France hung on hooks.
c. 43. £ 32<5. One of the worse artists. Picture {Quod
Hi INTRODUCTION
rex neminem debet contempnere^ et quern consiliarium habeat
iuxta si). On l. three knights in blue armour. In c. the King.
On R. a kneeling man presented by Aristotle.
c. 44. f. 33<3^. Picture {Quod rex nichil agat sine consilio^
etc.). Two courtiers on l. The King seated. Three kneeling
knights. Aristotle and another standing.
c. 45. f. 3 3 ^. Picture {Quod rex in negociis etc. querat con-
silium). The King sits in c. On l. three bishops : on r. two
courtiers.
c. 46. £34^7. Picture {Quod rex quando absentat se a
regno non constituat solum unum in suo loco). The King in blue
armour, crowned, on a blue horse, attended by four knights,
hands a letter with seal dependent to a bishop and a man in
blue on r.
c. 47. £ 34^. Picture {Quod rex ad minus habeat tres
seer etarios, etc.). The King stands in c. Two bishops on l., one
man on r. On r., outside the picture, are two smaller men :
all beardless.
c. 48. £ 35^. Picture {Qualiter rex debet temptare et pro-
bare suos consiliarios). The King seated in c. On r. a bishop
and a youth: on l. a bishop and Aristotle.
c. 49. £ 35<^. Picture {De xv signis et uirtutibus, etc.).
The King seated in c. On l. three kneel : on r. three kneel.
c. 50. £ 37a;. Picture {Quod rex debeat scrutari quomodo
mores hominum conueniant omni generi animalium^ etc.). The
King sits on l. with hand to fe,ce. Aristotle stands on r.,
pointing down at a lion and a hare.
c. 5 I . £37*^. Picture {Quod rex non conjidat in homine
qui non est legis sue). The King sits on l. Aristotle stands on r.
c. 52. £ 39<$. Picture {Cuiusmodi conditionis debent esse
qui debent seer eta regis scribere). In a panel in the margin
Aristotle sits, and a youth kneels. In the picture the King sits
on L., Aristotle stands on r. Between them sit three youths,
tonsured, each writing on a scroll on his knee : Edwardus dei.
£ 40 b. By the first hand. Solid border in panels. At top,
two spotted dogs, a rabbit on l. The picture extends into the
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT liii
L. border. Below this are two knights in yellow and green
surcoats respectively, girt with swords, holding spears: the
upper one on red ground with white dots, the lower on blue
ground with white fleurs-de-lys. At bottom, on l. a horse-
man with horn: a man shooting an arrow at a stag beside
which is a hound : two trees. On r. panels with gold lozenges,
stars, lion rampant, and pattern.
c. 53* Picture {Qualis debet esse nuncius regis in negociis
mittendus). In c. the King, on red-brown horse, crowned, in
pink over scarlet, facing r., holds out a letter with green seal.
On R. a mailed knight in vermilion surcoat on a horse with
vermilion bearings holds out his r. hand. On l., behind the
King, three knights on horses, in green, vermilion, and blue
surcoats. The ground in c. is gold: on l, blue with white
pattern : on r. blue with white network and pattern.
After f. 40 is a gap,
f. 4i« (fees.). Solid frame in panels: the painting un-
finished. At top and on l., helmeted busts : on r, three knights
in panels. At bottom, a procession emerging from a gateway
on L., headed by two men blowing horns : one has a bow, the
other has a stick on his shoulder, and a hare hung on it : two
dogs run beside them. The next two carry flagons and metal
dishes: 5, 6, 7 have staves slanted over their shoulders. The
figures are mostly left white : plain gold and plain grounds of
red and blue are put in.
f. 41^. Frame, unfinished. At top, two dogs. On l. four
knights : on r. small panels, in some of which are gold studs.
At bottom, nine horsemen ride to r., followed by a man on
foot.
c. 5 5 . Picture {J)e regis ordinatione procerum et capitaneorum
in hello ^ etc.). The King seated on l., cross-legged, A group
of ten knights stands before him. The surcoat of one is coloured
pink. The ground is gold.
f. 42 «. Frame, as before. At top, two monsters. On l. two
helmeted busts. On r. four knights facing L.,each with bannered
spear on shoulder, and girt with sword. At bottom, a row
liv INTRODUCTION
of six similar knights, all facing r. All the banners are plain
gold.
f. 42^ (facs.). Frame with less colour. At top a dog(?)
and couchant stag. On r. unfinished ornament.
At bottom, two groups, each of three men, facing l., kneel-
ing and blowing bellows (six pairs), the nozzles of which are
inserted respectively into a base and a sort of wall decorated
with quatrefoils. The l. border consists of a plain column,
divided by projecting bands into four sections. At top is a
shallow basin, meant, I think, for a trumpet mouth. These
men are in fact blowing a colossal trumpet. The text says ;
* Et oportet te tecum habere illud instrumentum quod themi-
stius (fecit) ad opus excercitus ad uocandum exercitum. Et est
instrumentum terribile quod dicitur multis modis. Quia forte
oporteret te uisitare prouinciam tuam et regnum tuum congre-
gare subito proceresque tuos bellatores in eadem die uel cicius
uel alio modo prout indiget exercitus magnus et numerosus.
Huius instrumenti sonus auditur per .Ix. miliaria.'
The true reading, in which the half-dozen of manuscripts
which I have examined agree, is diuiditur {multis modis)^
instead of dicitur.
This portentous instrument is not mentioned, as far as I can
discover, in any document older than the Seer eta. It attracted
the attention of the polymath Athanasius Kircher, who in two
of his surprising works gives representations of it, copied from
a Vatican manuscript which he calls ' antiquissimus ', and
which apparently contained the text of the Pseudo- Aristotle and
something in the nature of a comment upon it. The first work
in which Kircher mentions it is the Ars magna lucis et umbrae
(Lib. II, pt. I, cap. 7 : p. 102 in the Amsterdam edition of
1 671), where a woodcut is given and the source mentioned.
The other is the Phonurgia nova (Campidonae — Kempten —
1674, p. 132). Here he says, *Aguntur iam complura lustra
quibus in Bibliotheca Vaticana . . . inciderem in librum
cui titulus erat Secreta Aristotelis ad Alexandrum Magnum^
ubi inter caetera de cornu prodigioso Alexandri Magni haec
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT Iv
leguntur : Faciebat hoc cornu adeo vehementem sonum ut eo
exercitum suum ad centum stadia (quorum octo unum milliare
Italicum conficiunt) dispersum convocare perhibeatur. Habe-
bat autem, ut libellus monstrat, quinque cubitos in diametro,
et fulcri suspendebatur annulo,uti ego reor, cuius tamen figuram
non describit. Figuram hie appono, prout in dicto libro im-
pressam reperi, cum Epigraphe : Cornu Alexandri Magni:
The woodcut (in both books) shows the horn in the form of
a ring, with mouthpiece and mouth on opposite sides of the
circumference. The ring is thickest at the mouth and slenderest
at the mouthpiece. In the Phonurgia a page of engravings
follows, showing three designs by Kircher of the way in which
he thought the horn might have been used, and what form
it ought to have in order to produce the greatest body of sound.
He gives first the form shown in the woodcut, suspended from
a triangle of beams, and a soldier blowing into it ; then a horn
of ordinary form, but vdth a spiral body; and lastly, the horn
in a ring-form, but again spirally twisted.
Something in the nature of a clue to Kircher's source is
furnished by the as yet unprinted notes of Roger Bacon upon
the Secreta. I have examined the two Cambridge manuscripts
of this text (Trinity Coll. O. i. 12, and Fitzwilliam McClean
153), and give the resultant text. It should be premised that
Bacon's work consisted in the insertion of interlinear readings
from other copies (he tells us he had collated four), and the
addition of explanatory notes. In his numbering the passage
is at the end of cap. 1 8 of Part III of the whole work.
de instrumento bellico exercitum coadunante et de forma elusdem
Et oportet te tecum habere illud instrumentum
instrumenti
quod fecit temistius ad opus exercitus ad nocendum(!),
bene dico oportet te habere illud
et est instrumentum terribile quod diuiditur multis modis:
instrumentum quia forte
quia forte oportebit te vocare totam prouinciam tuam et
regnum tuum et congregare subito proceres tuos bellatores
Ivi INTRODUCTION
tuos in eadem die uel cicius uel aliquo modo prout indiget
exercitus magnus et numerosus : nam huius instrumenti
sonus audituf per milliaria sexaginta [af this point follows
Bacons comment^ as I suppose^. Hoc est cornu eneum
artiflcio mirabili fabricatum, quo ex .Ix. milliariis tempore
belli suum exercitum conuocabat : et regebatur cornu Ix
hominibus propter sui magnitudinem et inestimabile arti-
ficium : et verisimile est quod multa metallorum resonan-
cium genera in eius composicione concurrebant, et hec
forma cornu.
No picture or space for a picture follows/ but the title of
cap. 19. However, a figure was clearly intended, and it is
probable that the Vatican MS. seen by Kircher was a copy of
the Bacon text, more complete than ours.
The objections to this view are (i) that Kircher's source gave
the dimensions of the horn as five cubits in diameter, which
Bacon does not : but the dimensions may have been merely
written on the figure. (2) That Kircher uses the word *im-
pressam', suggesting a printed book. On the other hand, in
the Ars Magna he calls his source * Codex antiquissimus '.
(3) That Kircher appears to quote a comment fi-om his authority,
of which the wording differs fi-om Bacon's : but, as he admits,
many years had passed since he had seen the manuscript.
The mediaeval versions that I have seen throw no light on the
horn. Some (as Lydgate) omit the passage, others give it quite
literally. The rendering of a fifteenth-century translator is
worth quoting as a curiosity (Steele, p. 109) : *And it nedys
that thou haue with the the Instrument that Cenustinus made to
the use of the Hoste : and it ys a dispytous Instrument that out-
spredys it in many maners . . . the sounde of the Instrument
ys herd sextye mylee.' James Yonge, the Anglo-Irish para-
phrast of the Secreta, abridges the passage and reduces the
range of the horn to 'sixe myle fere' (1. c. p. 215).
' I am informed by Mr. Craster that this is also the case in the Bodleian MS.
Tanner 116, of which the Cambridge MSS. are probably copies.
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT Ivii
£ 43 «. Frame. At top, helmeted busts : on r. three knights
with bannered spears facing r. : on l. lions' heads. At bottom,
on R., a knight on foot with bannered spear. The King on
horseback with attendant knight : then the King (in armour)
on foot with attendant knight.
c. 56. Picture {De regis perseuerancia et cautela in prelio,
etc.). The King sits in c. On l. three councillors, one, or two,
of whom are bishops. On r. four knights.
f. 43^ (fees.). Frame. At top, monsters and busts: on l.
four knights drawing bows, feeing r. On r. small panels with
gold chevrons, lion, etc. At bottom the c. and r. are occupied
by a ballista. On l. stand four knights ; three hold spears, the
fourth pulls the cords to release the catch of the ballista. The
text says: * Et multiplica machinas discurrentes.'
f. 44<3r (fees.). The groundwork of the frame represents
masonry : the greater part is in outline. At top are busts with in-
tervals of masonry and battlements. On l. are, first two knights,
then two together, with sword and spear, seen half-length be-
hind battlements. On r. the like, with three knights instead of
two in the lowest section. At bottom, three bays of battle-
mented wall with three soldiers at top of each. Arrows
come out of loopholes. In c. a gate with portcullis (on gold
ground).
f. 44 <$ (fees.). Frame partly coloured. At top monsters.
On r. small panels of colour and gold. On l. four knights
feeing R. ; each is girt with sword and has a hand raised. At
bottom, on L., a row of four knights firing off a cannon. The
cannon, which may have been coloured silver, and is now dark,
is of the same form as that in the Christ Church MS. It lies
on a massive table (apparently a stone slab on a red and blue
base), mouth to r., and is to fire a dart with a long head. The
touch-hole is at the l. end in a line with the mouth. Of the
knights, the first two (from r.) appear to have been drawn at
first holding spears (as on f. 43^), but their attitude has been
changed so that they now hold up their hands to shield their
feces. The third knight shields his face with his r. hand, and
h
Iviii INTRODUCTION
with the L. pushes a straight rod into the touch-hole of the
cannon. The fourth shields his fece with his l. hand.
I cannot see that the dart is ignited.
The text says: *Si uero debes impugnare incastratos, utere
instrumentis proicientibus lapides, utpote machinis, et multi-
plica ea iuxta modum instantis necessitatis ad hoc'
c. 58. f. 45^. Inferior artist. Picture {De lapidibus pre-
ciosis et her bis uirtuosis^ etc.). The King stands on l. Aristotle
on R. points at a mound of grass in c. on which are flowers and
coloured stones.
c. 59. £46^. Partial border. YvcXMX^ifle lapideiuuante
regem in hello ad uictoriam). The King sits on l., Aristotle in
c. On R. a man in blue hood over scarlet chops with a hatchet :
five fragments of the stone are in the air.
c. 60. f. 47<3r. VvcXxxTt {De lapide precioso secundum opinio-
nem hermogenis philosopht). The King sits on l., Aristotle on r.
On the seat between them is a spotted pink stone : behind this
are six gold pieces in two rows.
c. 6 1 . £ 47 ^. Picture {De lapide mirahilis uirtutis pugna-
tiuue). The King sits on l., Aristotle stands in c. On r. an
attendant holds a boy. In fi-ont is water in green and white
waves : in it are three pieces of stone.
c . 6 2 . £ 4 8 <3r. Picture {De duobus lapidibus contraries effectus
agentihus ad terror em hostium). The King sits on l. Aristotle
in scarlet faces r. On r. a man holds two white horses (the
fore-quarters only seen). Below their heads are two stones, white
and red. The red makes them neigh continuously, the white
prevents them from neighing at all,
c. 63. £49^. VictMTt [De plantis et earum uirtutihus que
ad regem pertinent). The King sits on l. Aristotle standing
points to four trees on r., and four flaming stars in the air.
c. 65. £51^. Picture [De regis mundicia et eius consilio
ah astronomis sumendo). The King sits on l. Aristotle in scarlet
sits on R., and points up to a Ptolemaic sphere (five concentric
bands and a white centre) supported by a half-length angel
on R.
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT lix
c. 66. f. 5 3 ^. A better artist. Picture {De regis confiden-
cia tantum in uno medico non ponendd). The King seated.
Aristotle on l., seated close by him, lays his r. hand on his
shoulder, and points to two doctors on r. in purple and yellow-
brown, each of whom holds up the usual vessel.
c- 67. f. 5 3 ^ (facs.). Picture {Quod rex non assumat medi-
cinam nee sanguinem minuat sine consilio astronomi). The King
sits full face in c. On l. a doctor in blue holds a case of knives;
a second on l. holds up a cupping-glass (?). On r. an astro-
loger holds up a red armillary sphere and looks up to a cloud
in which are a gold sun and moon.
c. 68. f. 54^* Picture {De tempore conuenienti medicine
laxatiue per regem sumende). The King sits on l. A cloud
above, with gold moon. On r. stand four doctors, one holding
a gold casket, another a green herb.
c. 69. f. 5 5 <«. Picture {De consideratione medici ad dandum
medicinam regt). The King sits on l. Cloud and moon above.
Three doctors on r., one holding gloves.
c. 70. f. 55^. Picture {De regis sanitate conseruanda ut
nullo indigeat medico). The King on l., and points to l. Four
doctors : one holds up an open book, anothier holds gloves.
c. 71. f. 56^. Picture {De cquis {causis f) quibus per regem
usitatis regis sanitas conseruatur). The King sits on l.: a group
of five doctors on r.
c. 7 2. f. 5 7 ^. Picture [De cibis regi conuenientibus ad con-
eruandam sanitatem). The King sits on l. A kneeUng man
presents a silver bowl with a fish in it, and a silver plate or cover:
two doctors stand by.
c« 7 3 • f' 5 9 ^- Picture [De hiis quibus rex anteprandium uti
debet ut sanitatem conseruet). The King stands on l. and points
to R. Three attendants : one kneels with silver basin and ewer,
the next stands with a towel, the third holds up a covered silver
dish. On r. is a vertical band of ornament, of which the mean-
ing is obscure to me.
c. 74. f. 60^ (fees.). Picture [Quod rex se habeat moderate
in prandio et quem cibum debet preponere alio). In two com-
Ix INTRODUCTION
partments (horizontal). Below: the King at table alone, in c,
full face. Three attendants in brown kneel on this side of the
table. The one on l. cuts something with a knife, the next
holds a silver dish and raises the cover, the third holds up a
silver flagon. On the table are a gold ship on four legs and
a gold covered cup. Above : the King rides to r. on a white
horse. Beside him and behind him ride two men in hoods.
c. 75. £ 61^. Inferior artist. Picture (De modo regis
dormiendi post cibum receptum). The King in bed, head to l.,
the quilt of various colours (blue and pink). Aristotle stands
in c. on the other side of the bed. On r. two knights in blue
armour: one has a scarlet mace.
c. 76. i.62a. YvctuTQ {Quod regis dormicio ante prandium
nonjiat^ etc.). A table in front. Two attendants kneel before
it, one with gold cup: on the table are four small objects
(? loaves). Behind it stand the King (l.), Aristotle, and two
men.
c. 77. f. 63^. Picture {JDe regis consuetudine comedendi
obseruandd). Table in front. Two attendants; one stands
with candle (?), one kneels. Cup, dish, and loaf on the
table. Behind it, two men, the King seated, Aristotle, and
a youth.
c. 78. f. 63^ (facs.). Picture {Quod rex cum habeat appeti-
tum comedendi statim comedai). The King stands on l. washing
his hands : one attendant holds a blue basin, another pours from
a blue ewer. Another on r. On l., outside the picture, under
a trefoiled arch (scarlet) an attendant arranges the table, which
has a pinkish cloth.
c. 79. £ 64^2. Picture {De quatuor temporibus anni et
primo de uere^ etc.). The King stands on r., Aristotle by him :
then three boys, each holding a basket containing birds : two
goats on L., outside the picture.
c. 80. £ 65«. Picture {De estate . . . et que cibaria, etc.).
The King and Aristotle on r. On l. a goose, and two goslings
by a green mound. A man with a basket of birds.
c. 81. £66«. 'Picture {De autumpno, etc.). Similar. The
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT hi
King and Aristotle on r. A swan, a peacock, a pig (?), on
grass. A man with a basket of birds.
c. 82. f. 66^. Picture [De yeme, etc.). The King and
Aristotle with book on r. Two boys hold gold covered cups.
c. 83. f. 67^. Picture {De hits que corpus regis impin-
guant, etc.). On r. Aristotle seated. Then the King taking
something out of a gold dish held by a kneeling attendant.
Next a bishop, then two knights. Outside the picture, on l.,
four youths sit on the ground : one of them plays a fiddle.
f. 68 ^. The beginning of a border, outlined in ink.
{. 6ga (facs.). A fi-esh and better artist comes in here: he
gives the King a long curly beard. Figures in outline only, and
gold and pink grounds inserted : the fi*ame of the picture is
unfinished.
c. 84. Picture (De cognitione quatuor membrorum princi-
palium . . . et prima de infirmitate capitis^ etc.). The King
throned on r. with hand to head. Aristotle and an attendant
in tunic on l.
c. 85. f. 69^. Victurc {De infirmitate pectoris, Gtc). The
King throned on r., cross-legged, with sword. Aristotle and
another (or two doctors) on l.
c. 86. i. yoa. YicXMXt [De infirmitate oculorum, etc.). A
similar picture. The attitudes varied.
c. 87. i.'jxb. Picture {De infirmitate membri secretin etc.).
Similar; the philosopher or doctor holds the hand of a youth
on L.
c. 88. i. ']2a. Picture {De hiis quibus rex uti debet ut
diuersas infirmitates euitet). The King in c, Aristotle on r.
Three doctors on l., one with a covered cup.
c. 89. f. 72^. Picture {De hiis per que principaliter regis
sanitas conseruatur) . The King sits on r. , cross-legged. Aristotle
stands on l.
c. 90. f. 73 « (facs.). VictmG{De diuersis generibus ciborum,
etc.). The King on r. at table holding a knife : two dishes with
a lamb and a fowl on the table : also bread and a two-handled
bottle. The philosopher with a book, and another, on l.
Ixii INTRODUCTION
c. 91. f. 74«. Picture {De diuersitate aquarum). The
King sits in c. On r. an attendant with ewer: water below.
Aristotle stands on l.
c. 92. f. 75 «. Picture {De diuersis generibus uiniy etc.).
The King sits on r. Aristotle holding a cup, and another, on l.
c. 93. £76^. Picture {Qua hora rex syrupum sanatiuum
sumere debet). Damaged by rubbing. The King sits on r.,
drinking from a cup. Aristotle and another on l.
I find Uttle to remark upon as to the writing of the manu-
script, which seems to me to be all by one scribe. The con-
dition is not very good. Several leaves are lost; the first page
and the last have been rubbed and soiled : probably for some
time the volume went without a cover.
Until its appearance side by side with its sister of Christ
Church, at the BurHngton Fine Arts Club Exhibition of
illuminated manuscripts in 1908, I do not know that it had
ever been noticed in print, except in M. Leon Dorez's splendid
publication, Les Manuscrits a Peintures de la Bibliothlque de
Lord Leicester (1908), in which pi. 29 is devoted to the
illustration of ff. 6«, 18^, and pp. 43—4 to the description.
'The Secreta Secretorum
It would require more knowledge than I can claim to give
anything like an adequate account of the Secreta Secretorum.
There is no critical edition, either of the original Arabic text,
or of the Latin translations : and a very extensive research must
be undertaken by any one who intends to produce such a thing.
The present — or a recent — state of knowledge is conveniently
set forth by Mr. Robert Steele in the preface to his edition of
Lydgate and Burgh's metrical version {Secrees of old PhilosoffreSy
THE HOLKHAM MANUSCRIPT Ixiii
E.E.T.S., Extra Series Ixvi, 1894). Fuller expositions may
be found in the valuable articles by Knust and Steinschneider
(the latter supplementary to the former) in the extinct Jahr-
bucher f, r'dm. u. engL Litteratur^ vols, x and xii.
The briefest summary of the history must suffice here.
The book professes to have been found in the Temple of the
Sun by Jahja ibn al Batrik (Johannes filius Patricii), who trans-
lated it out of Greek into Chaldee, and thence into Arabic.
He is supposed to have lived in cent, viii-ix, and may perhaps
have been the author of the whole treatise.
No Greek text is known, but we have the Arabic. This — or
rather a very small portion of it, dealing mainly with the rules
of health — was first translated into Latin in the twelfth century
by John of Seville (Johannes Hispalensis, John Avendeath) for
a queen of Spain, This version has, I think, never been printed.
A second and complete Latin version appeared — ^perhaps
early in the thirteenth century — made by a cleric Philip, and
dedicated to Guido de Valentia, bishop of Tripoli, whose date
and individuality are obscure. It was in this form that the book
was known to the men of the Middle Ages. Versions of it
in almost every European language exist. It seems to have
enjoyed^ special popularity in England, judging by the number
of English manuscripts of the Latin text, and the multipHcity
of EngHsh versions. Mr. Steele has edited four of these — three
in prose and one in verse — and others are known to exist.
Roger Bacon wrote comments on the book before the middle
of the thirteenth century, and Michael Scot, who died before
1235, quotes it. Gower and Hoccleve make use of it in the
Confessio Amantis and the Regement of Princes. Its influence
upon continental literature has also been considerable. How
much has been derived from it by the writers of the many
treatises upon the duties of kings or the training of princes has
yet to be shown in detail. It is in this influence that the chief
interest of the book consists; considered as a literary composi-
tion, or as a repository of useful knowledge, it has not much
to recommend it.
Heraldry
The following notes upon the Heraldry of the Christ Church
MS., most kindly contributed by Mr. A. Van de Put, of
the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, will
be found to add greatly to the interest of the reproduction. It
is no small thing to have secured the co-operation of so great
an authority upon heraldic history as Mr. Van de Put.
It will be seen that there is (as might perhaps have been
anticipated) a lack of method in the disposition of the coats ;
and a good many of them appear to be purely imaginary. The
question of the date of the manuscript is complicated rather
than cleared up by them: and the possibility of subsequent
alterations — additions of labels, and in one case (p. go) the
addition of a whole shield — is suggested. My examination of
the manuscript furnished me with no certain indication of this :
but the possibiHty must be kept in mind.
As to the date of the book, some remarks of Mr. Van de Put
in a letter to me may be quoted :
' I quite concur that Edward III is the King of the book as it stands :
on pp. 1 6, 17 is an Edward whose style fits any of the Angevin house from
Henry III to about 1 340 ; but cannot help feeling that the bulk of the
book was planned out regnante Edwardo II. We have, over and over
again, the arms of England a label of five azure, the insignia of the heir-
apparent — non-existent in 1326—7, after Edward Ill's accession. Also,
the continual grouping of the arms of a king and of Queen Isabella ; I do
not feel altogether satisfied that we have not, here, the arms of husband and
wife rather than of son and mother — great as was Isabella's influence in
1326—7. In the large miniature depicting them seated, have we not
Edward II and his consort ? The opening quire with the portrait of the
King as frontispiece, can it not have been added upon Edward Ill's
accession ? . . . AH through I have been certain that the armorial incidence
of the work fell to Edward II.'
The heraldry of the Holkham book (which, as we have seen,
is spoken of by Milemete in terms which suggest that it had
7 times
5 times
3 times
twice
3 times
HERALDRY Ixv
been already sent to Edward) is confined to royal shields in
the borders, viz. :
I. England. Gules three leopards in pale or 29 times or more
II. Heir-apparent. England a label of five
TTT ^points azure 18 times
III. England and France ancient dimidiated . 7 times
IV. France '
V. Edmund ofWoodstock, Earl of Kent. Eng-
land a bordure argent ....
VI. Henry of Lancaster, Lord of Monmouth.
England a baton azure ....
VII. Henry of Lancaster, as Earl of Lancaster.
England a label of France of five points .
VIII. Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk.
England a label of five points argent
I and II usually occur together, so also III and IV. V and
VIII occur together, and VI and VII.
A List of Royal Arms in the Borders^ of- De Officiis Regum\
I. Edward III, King of England: Gules three leopards in pale or (p. 2).
II.* The same, another coat : England quartering France ancient (p. 90).
III. The same (?), heir-apparent: England a label of Jive points^ azure
(P- 3)-
IV. Isabella of France, queen-consort of Edward II : England and France
ancient dimidiated (p. 8).*
V. The King of France: Azure semy of Jleurs-de-lys or (p. 14).
' i,e. the lower borders, and the border p. 37 ; the first occurrence only of each
coat is indicated here.
' On this Mr. Van de Put notes in a letter to me : * This I take to be a version
of the arms adopted by Edward III in 1340, and consequently an addition.' He
also remarks, as to the labels : ' Can all the labels of five points azure, forming the
coat of the heir-apparent^ have been in the original scheme? These labels are
difFerendy designed to other labels throughout : land in some cases the colour
appears to have " run " or blotted, as though superimposed upon the original coat
itself.'
* Labels are of five points throughout.
♦ These arms exemplify the Queen ; but her exacter insignia included at least
the Navarrese chains, in right of her mother, Johanna, heiress of the kings of
Navarre of the house of Champagne. Margaret (d. 13 18), daughter of Philip III
of France, bore also, as Edward I's second consort, England and France ancient
dimidiated.
Ixvi INTRODUCTION
VI. Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk : England a label of Jive
points argent (p. 1 2).
VII. Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent: "England a bordure argent
(p. 12).
VIII. John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall: England a bordure of France
(P- 37)-
IX. Henry of Lancaster, Lord of Monmouth : England a baton azure
(p. 22).
X. The same ; the Earl of Lancaster's coat : England a label of France
of five points (p. 22).
The above arms occur, in the various combinations, and to the number
of times, as follows:
I, England (a coat), 2 : pp. 27, 63.
I. England (two coats), 4: pp. 2, 58, 68, 105.
II. England quartering France ; England, i : p. 90.
I, IV- England and Queen Isabella, 6 : pp. 8, 38, 60, 85, 1 12, 1 14.
I, III. England and heir-apparent, 24: pp. 3, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18,
20, 23, 25, 30, 32, 34, 36, 39, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53, 74,
94, 115, 139.
I, VII. England and Edmund, Earl of Kent, 4: pp. 33, 45, 50, 96.
I, IX. England and Henry of Lancaster, 4: pp. 42, 56, 64, 54.'
I, IV, VII, (England (2), Queen Isabella, John, Earl of Cornwall, Edmund,
VIII, III. I Earl of Kent, and heir-apparent, i : p. 37.
V, I. France and England, i : p. 67.
V, IV. France and Queen Isabella, 13 : pp. 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 26,
31. 35j4o>43»47» 52, 73-
VI, VII. Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, and Edmund, Earl of Kent, 5 :
„„ „ PP- 12, 19, 29,41, t^^.
VII, IV. Edmund, Earl of Kent, and Queen Isabella, 2 : pp. 59, 89,'
IX, X. Henry of Lancaster and Earl of Lancaster, i : p. 22.
IX, III. Henry of Lancaster and heir-apparent, i : p. 44.
In addition to the royal arms occurring throughout the manuscript, its
miniatures and ornamentation contain other insignia of varying importance
and authenticity.
The compositions into which heraldry enters may be classified as —
{a) larger miniatures;
{b) single figures of knights in side borders;
{c) historiated lower borders depicting encounters between knights,
monsters, etc.
Class {c) comprises, besides a number of fantastic subjects to the armory
of which little significance can be attached (e.g. pp. 65, 69, 79, 81, 98,
' 111 reversed order.
HERALDRY Ixvii
132), others figuring combats and scenes of warfare, the heraldic adjuncts
to which appear at first sight to be genuine coat-armour. But examina-
tion of this class of subject reveals in many cases a coincidence in the
charges borne (cf. the bars and bends, pp. 121, 122, 125, 133, and I34),and
in their tincturing (pp. 82 and 1 2 3, sable and argent ; 1 25, gules and argent;
1 34, azure and or), which can hardly have proceeded from an intention
to represent incidents in which specific persons were concerned.
A proportion of the blazonry in groups (a) and (^) is obviously authentic,
if sometimes equivocally tinctured (sable on argent, pp. 61 and 92), and
it finds corroboration in Edwardian rolls. The general selection of the
arms is not easily to be accounted for, and, with the exception of the royal
coats, may not improperly be described as haphazard.
The following, belonging to one or other of the groups mentioned
(but exclusive of royal coats emblazoned in the borders), call for special
notice :
p. 2 (inner border ; below). A knight in long surcoat : Barry azure and
argent an escucheon argent^ on a chief azure gyroned argent a pallet of the
same ; for Mortimer.
' Sire Rog^ de Mortimer barre de or e de azure od le chef palee les
corners geroune a un escucheon de argent.^ (Parliamentary Roll,' temp.
Edward I or II ; also 4th Nobility RoU,^ 1308 ; and 5th Nobility
Roll,' 13090
Roger Mortimer, of Wigmore, c. 12 86- 13 30; summoned to
Parliament, 1305-6 to 1326; steward to the household of Queen
Isabella, 1325 ; created Earl of March, 1328.
p. 3 (outer border, below). A knight seated, surcoat and ailette :
Argent a lion rampant vert ; for Spring.
'■Sire Johan Spring (of Yorkshire), de argent a un lion rampand de
vert." (Parliamentary R.)
p. 4 (outer border, above). A knight with surcoat : Or three torteaux;
for Courtenay.
Evidence for the omission of the label azure by a Courtenay ot this
generation is found in the seal of a ' Hugh de Courtenay ', 1 298
(Brit. Mus., no. 9010), bearing the separate coats of Courtenay (three
roundels). Basset, and Le Despencer.
Hugh Courtenay (d. 1340), summoned to Parhament 1298-9 to
1334, afterwards as Earl of Devon, was son of Sir Hugh Cmirtenay,
of Okehampton, and Alianora Le Despencer, daughter of Hugh Le
Despencer and Aliva, daughter of Philip Basset.
' Published by Nicolas under the title,^ro// of arms of peers andknights in the reign
of Edward the Second from a contemporary MS. ; 1828.
' Notes and Queries, Fifth Series, vii, 1877.
3 riid., viii, 1877.
Ixviii INTRODUCTION
p. 4 (below). A knight with surcoat, ailette, and shield : Argent two
bars gules and three torteaux in chief \ for Moels.
Nicholas Moels (son of John, of N. Cadbury, Somerset, who bore :
i)e argent a ij fesses de goules en le chef iij rondels de goules — Parlia-
mentary R.) was summoned 1311-15. He married Margaret, dau.
of Sir Hugh Courtenay, of Okehampton, and sister of Hugh, after-
wards Earl of Devon, already mentioned, and died 1315-16, when
the representation of the family devolved upon his brothers, Roger
(d. 1325-6) and John (d. 1337), respectively, neither of whom were
however summoned to Parliament.
The identification with ' Wake * is apparently due to a misappre-
hension ; cf. p. 1 20 or p. 74. Sir Thomas Wake, of Blisworth,
however, bore the above with a bordure indented sable (Boroughbridge
R., 1322).'
p. 6. Mounted group of four knights :
(<z) On L., circular ailette alone visible with arms reversed : Azure a
lion rampant argent and a baton gules ; for Weyland.
' Sire Johan de Weyland (of Suffolk), de azure a un lion rampandde argent
e un baton de goules.^ (Parliamentary; also Harleian Roll, temp.
Edward I or II ;* and in the ' Retenaunce du comte de Lancastre '
at Stepney tournament, 1309.')
(^) Surcoat, and square ailette with reversed arms : Gules bezanty and a
bend argent ; for La Zouche.
' Sire Amory la Souche (of Leicestershire), de goules besaunte de or a
une bende de argent.^ (Parliamentary Roll ; also Stepney tournament,
1309-)
{c) Surcoat : Azure afesse argent between four (?six) martlets . . . .; for
KerdifF (?).
These arms, the six martlets or, are assigned to Paulin de KerdifF
in the Charles Roll," late xiii century.
Circular ailette : Argent three pales gules ; for Fitz Neale.
[This figure's charges are all comprised in the coat of Thos. Fitz-
neale, temp. Edw. II: Argent three pales gules on a fesse azure as
many martlets or.'\
{d) Surcoat and square ailette : Gules a saltire engrailed argent ; for
Kerdeston.
' Sire Roger de Kerdeston (of Norfolk), de goules a un sautoir engrele de
argent.' (Parliamentary R.)
' Genealogist, New Series, i, ii, 1884-5.
' Ibid., Ill, 1886.
' Collectanea topographica et genealogica, iv, 1877.
* Archaeohgia, xxxix, p. 408, 1863.
HERALDRY Ixix
Roger de Kerdeston was created Knight of the Bath in 1306 and
summoned to Parliament 1 33 1-2 to 1337 ; he died in 1337.
p. 61 (outer border). A knight with shield: Argent three chevrons
sable ; for Le Arcedekne.
' Sire Thomas le Ercedekne, de argent a iij cheverons de sable' (Parlia-
mentary R.)
Thomas Le Arcedekne was summoned to Parliament 132 1-4.
He died in 1329.
With regard to the annotation *Dns Walterius de Manny', it must
be observed that the field of the Manny coat is or ; also the individual
in question is said to have come to England probably only in 1327,
or in the previous year.
p. 70 (outer border). A knight with shield : Argent a chevron and
chevronel sable between three ogresses.
Ailette : Argent a pale sable.
p. 74 (inner border). A knight with surcoat and shield : Gules two
bars argent and three plates in chief; for Wake (cf p. 120).
' Sire Hugh Wake le oncle (of Yorkshire), de goules a ij barres de argent
en le chef iij rondels de argent' ; also borne by Sire Randolf de Otteby,
of Lincolnshire. (Parliamentary R.)
p. yj (inner border). A knight with shield defaced.
p. 92 (outer border). A knight with shield and ailette : Argent a saltire
engrailed sable ; for Manners.
^Sire Baudewyn de Maneres (of Cambs.), de argent a un sautoir engrele
de sable. (Parliamentary Roll ; also in the ' Retenaunce du comte de
Lancastre' at Stepney tourn., 1309.) He was summoned to Parlia-
ment in 1309.
p. n8. Melee of knights :
\a) On L., a knight bearing the banner of England ; his surcoat : Gules
three estoiles argent; for Hansard (?).
Robert de Haumsard bore Rouge trois estoiles de argent^ at Carlave-
rock, 1300.'
(^) Surcoat and trappers : Gules three leopards in pale or ; for the King
of England.
(c) Trappers : Argent semy of mullets and pellets . . .
(d) Square ailette, bearing reversed : Gules a dragon argent.
\e) Circular ailettes : Gules an eagle displayed or : for Limesey.
'Sire Peres de Lamesi (of Warwickshire), de goules a un egle de or.
(Parliamentary Roll, also Boroughbridge Roll.)
' For biography of this personage between 1300 and 13 15, when he dis-
appears, see Nicolas's edition of the Carlaverock Roll, p. 329, where, however, estoiles
is translated mullets. Cf. Wright's edition.
Ixx INTRODUCTION
p. 119. Melee of knights :
(a) On L., trapper at charger's neck : irregular neiu/y pattern gu/es and
argent.
(p) Square ailette : Azure two chevronels potenced irewards between three
annulets argent.
{c) Square ailette : Gules three leopards in pale or, a baton azure ; for
Lancaster, Lord of Monmouth.
(d) . . . a dragon (?) gules.
(e) Square ailette : Gules three escallops, i and 2, or.
The coat, England a baton azure, was borne by Henry of Lancaster, Lord
of Monmouth, during the life of his elder brother, Thomas, Earl of Lan-
caster and of Leicester, etc., executed after Boroughbridge in 1322.
Henry was created Earl of Leicester in 1324, when, or by May 1325,
i.e. before the reversal of Lancaster's attainder — in virtue of which reversal
(1326-7, March 7) he succeeded to the earldom of Lancaster — he
assumed the arms of the earls of Lancaster of his house : England a label
of France.
The single instance in the manuscript of the earldom's arms (p. 22), in
contrast with the six parallel instances of the minor Lancaster coat (pp. 42,
44, 54, 56, 64, and 22), may be attributed to the still dubious associations
of the former in 1326-7. If, however, the group to which the insignia
of Lancaster-Monmouth belong be considered half of a composition
comprising both the miniatures in pp. 118 and 119, the representation
of these arms in battle with the Crown appears a m^prise. Boroughbridge
was fought, moreover, between Thomas of Lancaster and Harcla — not
Edward II in person.
p. 120 (above). Miniature : equestrian group. In the centre the King
of England ; of the persons attending him the armorials of two only are
distinguishable :
{a) Surcoat, square ailette, and trappers : Azure a bend argent cotised and
between six lioncels rampant, or ; for the Constable Bohun, Earl of Hereford.
{b) trappers only : Or two bars gules and two (for three) torteaux in chief;
for Wake.
' A counter-seal of Earl Thomas, at variance with the seal proper, exhibits a label
of France of five points ; the same is assigned to him in certain rolls (Guillim, Charles,
and St. George) in which the labels are uniformly of that variety. Yet the identity
of the coat, labelled of 4, or of 5 points, was implied by Henry of Lancaster, in 1325,
in repelling the royal accusation of treason in that he had abandoned his own arms
and was bearing his [attainted] brother's insignia. He said that he had assumed
the arms rather of his father than of his brother, which also were his by right of
succession, the more so as his first-born brother [Thomas] died without issue. See
the Monk of Malmesbury, 'Vita Edwardi II,' in Chronicles of the reigns of Edward I
and Edward II, 1883, ii, 281-2.
HERALDRY Ixxi
The contemporary Earl of Hereford and High Constable of Eng-
land was John de Bohun (d. 1335-6), a cousin of Edward III, being
eldest son of Edward II's sister Elizabeth, by Earl Humphrey, slain
m 1322 at Boroughbridge.
Thomas, Lord Wake of Lydell (i 297-1 349), was summoned to
Parliament 1317-48. He was doubly allied with the house of
Lancaster, having married, secondly, before June 13 17, Blanche,
daughter of Henry, Lord of Monmouth, later Earl of Lancaster.
His sister and eventual heir, Margaret, married, about Christmas
1325, Edmund, Earl of Kent, brother of Edward II, and died
in 1349.
p. 120 (below). Mounted knights in combat :
(a) Surcoat and ailettes : ^zure a lion rampant argent; for Montalt.
' Sire Robert de Mouhaut, de azure a un lioun rampaund de argent.
(Parliamentary Roll; also 4th Nobility Roll, 1 308. Roger de Muhautt:
Harleian Roll, temp. Edward I or II.)
Sir Robert de Montalt was summoned to Parliament 1298-9 to
1329. He died in 1329.
{b) ailettes : Gules a fesse, two martlets and a bordure argent ; intended
possibly for a Beauchamp coat.
p. 124 (lower border). The King and three mounted knights :
(/?) Behind the King, shield : Argent a bend between six martlets gules; for
Furnival.
' Sire Thomas de Fornival, de argent a une bende et vj mereloz de goules.^
(Parliamentary Roll ; also 4th and 5th Nobility Rolls.)
Thomas de Furnival, senior, of Sheffield, was summoned to Parlia-
ment from 1295 to 1331-2.
{h) Surcoat: Barry of ten argent and gules. The shield is uncertain, as to
the number of bars.
(c) Shield : Argent a lion rampant sable ; for Stapleton.
The intention to depict authentic coats is perhaps clearer here than in
most of the scenes of combat, equestrian and foot, in this part of the
manuscript,
p. 132 (outer border). A knight with shield and ailette : Or a saltire
engrailed sable ; for Botetourt-
Apparently for John de Botetourt, summoned to Parliament 1342-
85, son of Thomas (d. 1322), and grandson of John de Botetourt,
summoned from 1305 till his death in 1324, whom he succeeded.
In the latter's lifetime John II had differenced with a label (3) gules
platey (Boroughbridge). The arms are given in Parliamentary Roll :
De or a un sautoir engrele de sable.
Ixxii INTRODUCTION
p. 137 (lower border). Two knights:
(a) Shield: Or a bend cotised sable ; for Harley.
'■Sire Richard de Harlee (of Shropshire), de or a une bende e ij cotyes
de sable.' (Parliamentary Roll.)
{b) Shield: . . . (?) ; ailette: Gules a lion rampant argent; for Mowbray (?).
Sir John Mowbray, executed after Boroughbridge, 1322 {de goules
a un lyun raumpauntde argent — Parliamentary Rolls), left a son, John,
summoned to Parliament 1327-60.
INDEX TO THE INTRODUCTION
Aldrich, Dean, x.
Alexander and Aristode, pictures of, xli
and passim.
Alexander's horn, liv.
Arbalest, xxxii.
Aristotle, Pseudo-, Secreta SecretorufUy
Holkham MS. of, xxxviii sqq. ;
account of the book, Ixii.
Arms :
Arcedekne, Le, Ixix.
Beauchamp, Ixxi.
Bohun, Earl of Hereford, Ixx, Ixxi.
Botetourt, Ixxi.
Courtenay, Ixviii.
Edmund of Woodstock, Ixv, Ixvi.
Edward II, Ixiv.
Edward III, Ixiv, Ixv.
England, Ixv, bcvi.
Fitz Neale, Ixviii.
France, Ixv, Ixvi.
Furnivid, Ixxi.
Hansard, Ixix.
Harley, Ixxii.
Henry of Lancaster, Ixv, Ixvi, Ixx.
Isabella of France, Ixv, Ixvi.
John of Eltham, Ixvi.
Kerdeston, Ixviii.
KerdifF, Ixviii.
Limesey, Ixix.
Manners, bclx.
Manny, Ixix.
Moels, Ixviii.
Montalt, Ixxi.
Mortimer, Ixvii.
Mowbray, Ixxii.
Spring, bcvii.
Stapleton, bcxi.
Thomas of Brotherton, kv, Ixvi.
Wake, Ixviii, Ixbc, Ixx, Ixxi.
Weyland, Ixviii.
Zouche, La, Ixviii.
Artists employed on Christ Church MS.,
xxii.
on Holkham MS,, xl.
Bacon, Roger, on Alexander's horn, liv.
Ballista, xxxv, Ivii.
Banquet-scenes, lix, Ix.
Battle-scenes, xxx, xxxi, etc.
Bear and horse, xxxi.
Bees thrown into fort, xxxiii.
Boroughbridge, Roll, Ixix, etc. ; battle,
Ixviii.
Cannon, pictures of, xxxii, Ivii ; litera-
ture of, xxxv.
Carpender, W., ix.
Castle of Ladies, siege of, xxiv.
Catapult, xx»i.
Chessboard, xlviii.
Chevaux de frise, xxxi, xxxiii.
Christ Church MS. : size, collation, etc.,
ix ; binding, ix ; contents, xiii ;
decoration, xxi ; artists employed
on, xxi ; subjects represented, xxiv;
condition, xxxvii ; writing, xxxvii ;
heraldry, x, Ixv, etc.
Christopher, St., xxiv.
Churl and Lady, xxvi.
Cockatrice, xxxii.
Cockerell, S. C, xxiii, xl.
Coke, Cary, xxxviii ; Edward, ii. ; W.,
Combats, xxxi, etc.
Crossbow, xxxiii.
Cupping-glass, lix.
Doctors, pictures of, lix, Ixi.
Dorez, L., Ixii.
Edward II, xii, xiv, xvii.
Edward III, xii sqq., and see Arms.
Elephant, xxx.
Ferret, xxx.
Fire-ball, xxxiv.
Fire-dart, xxxiv.
George, St., xxiv.
Ghent, archives of, xxxv.
Ixxiv
INDEX TO THE INTRODUCTION
Glasney, collegiate church of, xi.
Gratian, Decretum quoted, xiii.
Greek fire, xxxiii.
Greenhill, Sir A., on cannon, xxxvi.
Guido de Valentia, xliii, Ixiii.
Guttmann, Oskar, xxxvi.
Haeghen, V. van der, xxxvi.
Hawking-scenes, xxiv, xxix.
Hearne, T., on Ch. Ch. MS., x.
Helmet, remarkable, xxxi.
Heraldry of the MSS., xli, etc., Ixiv sqq.,
an<i see Arms.
Hime, on cannon, xxxv.
Holkham MS., description, contents,
decoration, xxxviii sqq. ; heraldry
of, Ixiv.
Holy Face, xxvii, xxxi.
Horn, Alexander's wonderful, liv.
Hunt, return from, liii.
Hunting-scenes, xxiv, xxix.
Jahja ibn al Batrik, Ixiii.
Johannes Hispalensis (Avendeath), Ixiii.
Justinian, Digest quoted, xiii.
Katherine, St., xxvii.
King, duties of, xvi sqq. ; pictures of,
passim.
Kircher, Ath., on Alexander's horn, liv.
Kite to throw fire, xxxiv.
Leicester, Earl of, xxmii.
Masqueraders, xxxi.
Mermaids, xxxi, xlvii.
Milemete, W. de, xi, xiv ; contents of
his treatise, xiii.
Monkeys, xxvi, etc.
Monsters, xxvi and passim.
Musical instruments, xxv, xxvi, xxviii,
xxix, xlix, etc.
Organ, xlviii.
Ostrich, XXX.
Passion, shield of, xlv.
Pelican, xxxii.
Planets, li.
Plato, Timaeus quoted, xiii.
Prisoners, xxx.
Rohren, xxxvi.
Sallust quoted, xx.
Schanaldores, xvii.
Sciapous, xxviii.
Scodand, King of, xxxii.
Seasons, Four, diet for, Ix.
Secreta Secretorum, see Aristode.
Ship, gold, on table, Ix.
Siege-scenes, xxxii, xxxiii, etc., Ivii.
Sphere, Ptolemaic, Iviii ; armillary, lix.
Spoonbill, xxvii.
Squirrel, xxvi.
Stanton on Wye, Ix.
Steele, R., Ivi, Ixii, Ixiii.
Stilts, xxix.
Stones, marvellous, Iviii.
Swans, xxvii.
Tanner, xi n.
Themistius, horn of, liv.
Trinity, xxv.
Tripolis, Bp. of, xliii, Ixiii.
Trumpeter, xliii.
Unicorn, xxvii.
Van de Put, A., on Heraldry of the
MSS., Ixiv sqq.
Vegetius, xx »., xxi.
Velvet cover of Ch. Ch. MS., ix.
Warner, Sir G. P., xxxv.
Weasel, xxxi.
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SELECTED PAGES FROM MS. 458
(PSEUDO-ARISTOTELES DE SECRETIS SECRETORUM)
IN THE LIBRARY OF THE EARL OF LEICESTER
AT HOLKHAM HALL, NORFOLK
159
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